The role of Kazan therapists in the development of the direction of Botkin's scientific research and clinical practice in the first half of the twentieth century

The article highlights the formation of scientific therapeutic schools in Kazan using the comparative-historical method from the position of the modern concept of “scientific school”. Founded by the first of Botkin's student N.A. Vinogradov, the “affiliate” Botkin's scientific school initiated the creation of therapeutic schools at Kazan University in the first half of the XX century, originating in the second or third generation directly from S.P. Botkin. The activities of prominent Kazan therapists and their role in the formation of scientific schools are considered based on the approach of the social history of medicine — the impact of the social changes in Russia in 1917 and the beginning of the Civil War. Having established a center for the development of the scientific heritage of the great Russian clinician in Kazan, the clinical schools of A.N. Kazem-Bek, S.S. Zimnitsky, M.N. Cheboksarov, and N.K. Goryaev played a huge role in the development of Botkin’s direction of domestic internal medicine.