模拟与数字文档-削减成本,扩大可能性。Idjoš Gradište案例研究

IF 0.2 Q4 ANTHROPOLOGY Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Pub Date : 2017-12-30 DOI:10.24916/IANSA.2017.2.2
Miroslav Marić, J. Pendić
{"title":"模拟与数字文档-削减成本,扩大可能性。Idjoš Gradište案例研究","authors":"Miroslav Marić, J. Pendić","doi":"10.24916/IANSA.2017.2.2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the use of an integrated GIsand image-based modelling approach to archaeological field documentation, developed for the Borderlands: ArISE project. The project, established in 2014, examines social boundaries and interactions from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age period in the north-east Banat region of modern Serbia. Archaeological excavations at the site of Gradište near Idjoš are at the core of the project, aimed at providing insight into the development of social identities and the manner of coexistence and interactions between different communities of various periods. Due to limited funds, the process of field documentation has been almost completely digitized, enabling fast but very precise documenting of features and finds recovered from the field: increasing the possibilities for post ex analysis, publication and presentation. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 126 later, the site was excavated by Miodrag Grbić (Grbić 1950) who, in the course of two excavation campaigns (Grbić 1951) excavated more than 300 m2 inside the circular enclosure searching for the Slavic city. In 1954, Luka Nadlački from the Kikinda Museum excavated on the tell part of the site, and discovered a wattle and daub structure in trench 3 with the remains of pottery attributed to both the Tisza and Vinča style in the same context (Girić 1957, 221–222). Almost two decades later, during 1972, a smallscale rescue archaeological excavation was undertaken at the site by the National Museum Kikinda and provincial Institute for protection of cultural Monuments petrovaradin, with 4 trenches excavated on the Neolithic settlement and others placed over a Bronze Age/Iron Age necropolis located to the southeast of the sub-oval enclosure (Medović 1984). Finally, after a four-decade long hiatus, a new research cycle was instigated in 2014, aimed at researching the Gradište site through a new, broader paradigm (The Borderlands: ARIse project, i.e. Archaeological Research of Iđoš site and its environment). The project is envisioned as an ongoing programme to be undertaken in several stages, including evaluation of the archaeological potential of the site, targeted excavations of defined features, and broader research leading to systematic publication and public outreach. The project is focused, among other aspects, on establishing the exact character of the settlements in the distinct periods of prehistory: to better understand the site’s formation and its prehistoric landscape conditions, and thus to better study and understand the life of the site and its inhabitants. 2. Methodology Immediately from the beginning of the new excavations in 2014 it became clear that available funds could not facilitate having a large excavation crew with various specialists and sub-specialists waiting on standby during the excavation season. Rather, it was decided to expedite the excavation process through a simplification of excavation recording procedures. Given their cost and time-pressure, contemporary archaeological excavations require efficient and exact documentation during all fieldwork and there is thus a strong incentive for excavators to develop new techniques and methods, or refine the existing practices, for a more streamlined approach to field research. Some commercially-available software solutions, coupled with precise instrumentation used in the field, make new digital documentation techniques affordable and easily available alternatives for field research. Although digital archaeological documentation may still be regarded as a novelty, and has many potential limitations (e.g. Zubrow 2006), these obstacles are steadily disappearing with every new data acquisition technique and software package that appears on the market (e.g. Avern, Franssens 2011; Düffort et al. 2011; Motz, carrier 2013; smeets et al. 2013). The number of software solutions available is increasing exponentially, and it is perhaps only a matter of time before even tailor-made digital recording solutions for archaeological excavations become standard tools in the field (some solutions like ArcheocAD, although present for a long while did not Figure 1. The location of the site of Idjoš Gradište. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 127 become standard in digital archaeological documentation for various reasons which go beyond the scope of this paper). In order to make the collection, storage and processing of archaeological data recorded in the field as computer and user-friendly as possible, the team opted for a commercial GIs package instead of an open source variant, but the growing number of open source solutions (products such as the long-existing Grass GIs are now being complemented by similar software like QGIs, sAGA GIs and other lessknown programs) are rapidly bringing the same level of confidence and usability to the market and could potentially lead to a complete rejection of the commercial products in the near future, due to their high cost of purchase and upgrades. Using a Harris (1989) matrix system to record the relative stratigraphy of archaeological trenches in the field, made it possible to define a series of polygons representing the outlines of features recorded while being excavated. These polygons were recorded before the excavations using a total station in the field and represent a simplified shape of the detected features. Along these geometric primitives, point data, representing individual finds, samples and other points of interest were recorded in the process, making up two of the three vector shapes any GIs software can interpret and represent. The recorded data was then organized into separate layers that could be combined to produce new, interpretative layers for spatial and statistical analysis of archaeological features (Figure 2). each excavation season was kept separate to enable individual research per year, but features excavated over two or more seasons can also be examined jointly, either through combining data from different layers, or through the direct search capabilities of the software. However, more complex situations in the field, that would have traditionally required an illustrator as part of the team, were treated differently. Well defined surfaces or structures were carefully excavated and cleared until a clear, in situ situation could be established. Then, instead of having a dedicated field illustrator draw a scale drawing, a process which can sometimes take several hours and completely block further excavation in the trench until finished, image-based modelling was used to create indirect documentation in the form of an orthogonal composite model. The resulting model then becomes a baseline for the creation of a drawing offsite after the excavation. Although this method is significantly faster, it is no less precise; in fact just the opposite, it is even more precise. Hand drawing is commonly based on a limited set of measurements followed by a free hand drawing of features in between the measurements by the illustrator. some bias, or random data, is thus unavoidably input into hand drawings of even the best illustrators. Also, it is often the case that the illustrator and the excavator interpret archaeological importance differently, which can lead to some potentially-valuable information being omitted from the hand drawing (Gutehall 2016). Further, the scanning and digitization of scanned drawings can also introduce further errors or omissions into the documentation, either due to equipment or operator. Using a 3D model as a baseline for the drawing of vector shapes is not the end product of this approach, but rather, just a step in the longer process towards obtaining a 3D surface model created through the use of specialised software such as Agisoft photoscan, with a relatively user-friendly interface that enables the low-cost creation of accurate 3D models from a set of digital photographs taken in a particular manner. Figure 2. GIS-based documentation system used by the Borderlands: ARISE system. 0 500 m IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 128 In contrast to producing 2D documentation out of 3D content (which was in essence a standard procedure even before image-based modelling became available), an argument can be made to shift the whole process completely to 3D space. The model generated through image-based modelling is a single entity, one that is made out of particularities – daub floor surface, pottery fragments, dispersed daub, postholes, daub enclosures, etc. In other words, the remains of a once functional feature; a Neolithic household in this case, are distributed as single entities that have been joined to an unclassified whole. As Wulff and Koch (2011) suggest, it is possible to use polygons (cAD utilities) collected by total station measurements, which are routinely collected during the primary documentation process, as a means to produce a classified model where each class is representing a defined feature. Additionally, using the very same polygons, one can separate the mesh into geometrically-independent units, with the special notion that should be used by a uniform projection system for data collection. However, in some countries, serbia being one example, this kind of archaeological documentation is still not recognised by the authorities (i.e. the Ministries of culture or other similar bodies tasked with overseeing archaeological research) as officially-required documentation, thus rendering it unusable in post excavation reporting. It is our hope that this will change in ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2000,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"2","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study\",\"authors\":\"Miroslav Marić, J. Pendić\",\"doi\":\"10.24916/IANSA.2017.2.2\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The article deals with the use of an integrated GIsand image-based modelling approach to archaeological field documentation, developed for the Borderlands: ArISE project. The project, established in 2014, examines social boundaries and interactions from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age period in the north-east Banat region of modern Serbia. Archaeological excavations at the site of Gradište near Idjoš are at the core of the project, aimed at providing insight into the development of social identities and the manner of coexistence and interactions between different communities of various periods. Due to limited funds, the process of field documentation has been almost completely digitized, enabling fast but very precise documenting of features and finds recovered from the field: increasing the possibilities for post ex analysis, publication and presentation. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 126 later, the site was excavated by Miodrag Grbić (Grbić 1950) who, in the course of two excavation campaigns (Grbić 1951) excavated more than 300 m2 inside the circular enclosure searching for the Slavic city. In 1954, Luka Nadlački from the Kikinda Museum excavated on the tell part of the site, and discovered a wattle and daub structure in trench 3 with the remains of pottery attributed to both the Tisza and Vinča style in the same context (Girić 1957, 221–222). Almost two decades later, during 1972, a smallscale rescue archaeological excavation was undertaken at the site by the National Museum Kikinda and provincial Institute for protection of cultural Monuments petrovaradin, with 4 trenches excavated on the Neolithic settlement and others placed over a Bronze Age/Iron Age necropolis located to the southeast of the sub-oval enclosure (Medović 1984). Finally, after a four-decade long hiatus, a new research cycle was instigated in 2014, aimed at researching the Gradište site through a new, broader paradigm (The Borderlands: ARIse project, i.e. Archaeological Research of Iđoš site and its environment). The project is envisioned as an ongoing programme to be undertaken in several stages, including evaluation of the archaeological potential of the site, targeted excavations of defined features, and broader research leading to systematic publication and public outreach. The project is focused, among other aspects, on establishing the exact character of the settlements in the distinct periods of prehistory: to better understand the site’s formation and its prehistoric landscape conditions, and thus to better study and understand the life of the site and its inhabitants. 2. Methodology Immediately from the beginning of the new excavations in 2014 it became clear that available funds could not facilitate having a large excavation crew with various specialists and sub-specialists waiting on standby during the excavation season. Rather, it was decided to expedite the excavation process through a simplification of excavation recording procedures. Given their cost and time-pressure, contemporary archaeological excavations require efficient and exact documentation during all fieldwork and there is thus a strong incentive for excavators to develop new techniques and methods, or refine the existing practices, for a more streamlined approach to field research. Some commercially-available software solutions, coupled with precise instrumentation used in the field, make new digital documentation techniques affordable and easily available alternatives for field research. Although digital archaeological documentation may still be regarded as a novelty, and has many potential limitations (e.g. Zubrow 2006), these obstacles are steadily disappearing with every new data acquisition technique and software package that appears on the market (e.g. Avern, Franssens 2011; Düffort et al. 2011; Motz, carrier 2013; smeets et al. 2013). The number of software solutions available is increasing exponentially, and it is perhaps only a matter of time before even tailor-made digital recording solutions for archaeological excavations become standard tools in the field (some solutions like ArcheocAD, although present for a long while did not Figure 1. The location of the site of Idjoš Gradište. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 127 become standard in digital archaeological documentation for various reasons which go beyond the scope of this paper). In order to make the collection, storage and processing of archaeological data recorded in the field as computer and user-friendly as possible, the team opted for a commercial GIs package instead of an open source variant, but the growing number of open source solutions (products such as the long-existing Grass GIs are now being complemented by similar software like QGIs, sAGA GIs and other lessknown programs) are rapidly bringing the same level of confidence and usability to the market and could potentially lead to a complete rejection of the commercial products in the near future, due to their high cost of purchase and upgrades. Using a Harris (1989) matrix system to record the relative stratigraphy of archaeological trenches in the field, made it possible to define a series of polygons representing the outlines of features recorded while being excavated. These polygons were recorded before the excavations using a total station in the field and represent a simplified shape of the detected features. Along these geometric primitives, point data, representing individual finds, samples and other points of interest were recorded in the process, making up two of the three vector shapes any GIs software can interpret and represent. The recorded data was then organized into separate layers that could be combined to produce new, interpretative layers for spatial and statistical analysis of archaeological features (Figure 2). each excavation season was kept separate to enable individual research per year, but features excavated over two or more seasons can also be examined jointly, either through combining data from different layers, or through the direct search capabilities of the software. However, more complex situations in the field, that would have traditionally required an illustrator as part of the team, were treated differently. Well defined surfaces or structures were carefully excavated and cleared until a clear, in situ situation could be established. Then, instead of having a dedicated field illustrator draw a scale drawing, a process which can sometimes take several hours and completely block further excavation in the trench until finished, image-based modelling was used to create indirect documentation in the form of an orthogonal composite model. The resulting model then becomes a baseline for the creation of a drawing offsite after the excavation. Although this method is significantly faster, it is no less precise; in fact just the opposite, it is even more precise. Hand drawing is commonly based on a limited set of measurements followed by a free hand drawing of features in between the measurements by the illustrator. some bias, or random data, is thus unavoidably input into hand drawings of even the best illustrators. Also, it is often the case that the illustrator and the excavator interpret archaeological importance differently, which can lead to some potentially-valuable information being omitted from the hand drawing (Gutehall 2016). Further, the scanning and digitization of scanned drawings can also introduce further errors or omissions into the documentation, either due to equipment or operator. Using a 3D model as a baseline for the drawing of vector shapes is not the end product of this approach, but rather, just a step in the longer process towards obtaining a 3D surface model created through the use of specialised software such as Agisoft photoscan, with a relatively user-friendly interface that enables the low-cost creation of accurate 3D models from a set of digital photographs taken in a particular manner. Figure 2. GIS-based documentation system used by the Borderlands: ARISE system. 0 500 m IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 128 In contrast to producing 2D documentation out of 3D content (which was in essence a standard procedure even before image-based modelling became available), an argument can be made to shift the whole process completely to 3D space. The model generated through image-based modelling is a single entity, one that is made out of particularities – daub floor surface, pottery fragments, dispersed daub, postholes, daub enclosures, etc. In other words, the remains of a once functional feature; a Neolithic household in this case, are distributed as single entities that have been joined to an unclassified whole. As Wulff and Koch (2011) suggest, it is possible to use polygons (cAD utilities) collected by total station measurements, which are routinely collected during the primary documentation process, as a means to produce a classified model where each class is representing a defined feature. Additionally, using the very same polygons, one can separate the mesh into geometrically-independent units, with the special notion that should be used by a uniform projection system for data collection. However, in some countries, serbia being one example, this kind of archaeological documentation is still not recognised by the authorities (i.e. the Ministries of culture or other similar bodies tasked with overseeing archaeological research) as officially-required documentation, thus rendering it unusable in post excavation reporting. 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引用次数: 2

摘要

为了使现场记录的考古数据的收集、存储和处理尽可能地计算机化和用户友好化,该团队选择了商业地理信息系统软件包,而不是开源的变体,但是越来越多的开源解决方案(如长期存在的Grass地理信息系统的产品,现在正在被类似的软件,如QGIs,sAGA GIs和其他鲜为人知的程序正在迅速为市场带来同样水平的信心和可用性,并且由于购买和升级的高成本,可能在不久的将来导致商业产品完全被拒绝。使用Harris(1989)矩阵系统记录现场考古沟的相对地层学,可以定义一系列多边形,代表挖掘时记录的特征轮廓。这些多边形是在挖掘前使用现场全站仪记录的,代表了检测到的特征的简化形状。沿着这些几何原语,点数据,代表单个发现,样本和其他感兴趣的点,在这个过程中被记录下来,构成了任何地理信息系统软件都可以解释和表示的三个矢量形状中的两个。然后,记录的数据被组织成单独的层,这些层可以组合成新的解释层,用于考古特征的空间和统计分析(图2)。每个挖掘季节都是分开的,以便每年进行单独的研究,但两个或两个以上季节挖掘的特征也可以通过组合来自不同层的数据或通过软件的直接搜索功能进行联合检查。然而,在更复杂的情况下,传统上需要插画师作为团队的一部分,被不同地对待。明确的表面或结构被仔细挖掘和清理,直到可以建立一个清晰的原位情况。然后,而不是让专门的现场插画师绘制比例图,这一过程有时可能需要几个小时,并完全阻止在壕沟中进一步挖掘,直到完成,基于图像的建模被用来创建正交复合模型形式的间接文档。由此产生的模型然后成为挖掘后创建图纸的基线。虽然这种方法明显快得多,但它的精确度并不差;事实上恰恰相反,它甚至更精确。手绘通常是基于一组有限的测量值,然后由插画师在测量值之间自由手绘特征。因此,即使是最好的插图画家,也不可避免地会将一些偏见或随机数据输入到手绘中。此外,通常情况下,插图画家和挖掘机对考古重要性的解释不同,这可能导致手绘图中遗漏了一些潜在的有价值的信息(Gutehall 2016)。此外,扫描图纸的扫描和数字化也可能由于设备或操作人员的原因而在文件中引入进一步的错误或遗漏。使用3D模型作为绘制矢量形状的基线并不是这种方法的最终产品,而是通过使用Agisoft photoscan等专业软件创建3D表面模型的较长过程中的一个步骤,该软件具有相对用户友好的界面,可以从一组以特定方式拍摄的数字照片中低成本地创建精确的3D模型。图2。《无主之地:崛起》系统使用的基于gis的文件系统。Miroslav mariki, Jugoslav pendiki:模拟与数字文档-削减成本,扩大可能性。Idjoš Gradište案例研究128与从3D内容中生成2D文档(这在本质上是一种标准程序,甚至在基于图像的建模可用之前)相反,可以提出将整个过程完全转移到3D空间的论点。通过基于图像的建模生成的模型是一个单一的实体,一个由特殊性组成的实体-涂抹地板表面,陶器碎片,分散涂抹,后孔,涂抹外壳等。换句话说,一个曾经的功能特征的残余;在这种情况下,一个新石器时代的家庭是作为单独的实体分布的,这些实体已经连接到一个未分类的整体中。正如Wulff和Koch(2011)所建议的那样,可以使用全站仪测量收集的多边形(cAD实用程序),这些多边形是在主要文档编制过程中常规收集的,作为生成分类模型的手段,其中每个类代表一个定义的特征。此外,使用相同的多边形,可以将网格分离成几何独立的单元,具有统一投影系统用于数据收集的特殊概念。 然而,在一些国家,例如塞尔维亚,这种考古文件仍然不被当局(即文化部或负责监督考古研究的其他类似机构)承认为官方要求的文件,因此在挖掘后的报告中无法使用。我们希望这种情况将在
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Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study
The article deals with the use of an integrated GIsand image-based modelling approach to archaeological field documentation, developed for the Borderlands: ArISE project. The project, established in 2014, examines social boundaries and interactions from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age period in the north-east Banat region of modern Serbia. Archaeological excavations at the site of Gradište near Idjoš are at the core of the project, aimed at providing insight into the development of social identities and the manner of coexistence and interactions between different communities of various periods. Due to limited funds, the process of field documentation has been almost completely digitized, enabling fast but very precise documenting of features and finds recovered from the field: increasing the possibilities for post ex analysis, publication and presentation. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 126 later, the site was excavated by Miodrag Grbić (Grbić 1950) who, in the course of two excavation campaigns (Grbić 1951) excavated more than 300 m2 inside the circular enclosure searching for the Slavic city. In 1954, Luka Nadlački from the Kikinda Museum excavated on the tell part of the site, and discovered a wattle and daub structure in trench 3 with the remains of pottery attributed to both the Tisza and Vinča style in the same context (Girić 1957, 221–222). Almost two decades later, during 1972, a smallscale rescue archaeological excavation was undertaken at the site by the National Museum Kikinda and provincial Institute for protection of cultural Monuments petrovaradin, with 4 trenches excavated on the Neolithic settlement and others placed over a Bronze Age/Iron Age necropolis located to the southeast of the sub-oval enclosure (Medović 1984). Finally, after a four-decade long hiatus, a new research cycle was instigated in 2014, aimed at researching the Gradište site through a new, broader paradigm (The Borderlands: ARIse project, i.e. Archaeological Research of Iđoš site and its environment). The project is envisioned as an ongoing programme to be undertaken in several stages, including evaluation of the archaeological potential of the site, targeted excavations of defined features, and broader research leading to systematic publication and public outreach. The project is focused, among other aspects, on establishing the exact character of the settlements in the distinct periods of prehistory: to better understand the site’s formation and its prehistoric landscape conditions, and thus to better study and understand the life of the site and its inhabitants. 2. Methodology Immediately from the beginning of the new excavations in 2014 it became clear that available funds could not facilitate having a large excavation crew with various specialists and sub-specialists waiting on standby during the excavation season. Rather, it was decided to expedite the excavation process through a simplification of excavation recording procedures. Given their cost and time-pressure, contemporary archaeological excavations require efficient and exact documentation during all fieldwork and there is thus a strong incentive for excavators to develop new techniques and methods, or refine the existing practices, for a more streamlined approach to field research. Some commercially-available software solutions, coupled with precise instrumentation used in the field, make new digital documentation techniques affordable and easily available alternatives for field research. Although digital archaeological documentation may still be regarded as a novelty, and has many potential limitations (e.g. Zubrow 2006), these obstacles are steadily disappearing with every new data acquisition technique and software package that appears on the market (e.g. Avern, Franssens 2011; Düffort et al. 2011; Motz, carrier 2013; smeets et al. 2013). The number of software solutions available is increasing exponentially, and it is perhaps only a matter of time before even tailor-made digital recording solutions for archaeological excavations become standard tools in the field (some solutions like ArcheocAD, although present for a long while did not Figure 1. The location of the site of Idjoš Gradište. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 127 become standard in digital archaeological documentation for various reasons which go beyond the scope of this paper). In order to make the collection, storage and processing of archaeological data recorded in the field as computer and user-friendly as possible, the team opted for a commercial GIs package instead of an open source variant, but the growing number of open source solutions (products such as the long-existing Grass GIs are now being complemented by similar software like QGIs, sAGA GIs and other lessknown programs) are rapidly bringing the same level of confidence and usability to the market and could potentially lead to a complete rejection of the commercial products in the near future, due to their high cost of purchase and upgrades. Using a Harris (1989) matrix system to record the relative stratigraphy of archaeological trenches in the field, made it possible to define a series of polygons representing the outlines of features recorded while being excavated. These polygons were recorded before the excavations using a total station in the field and represent a simplified shape of the detected features. Along these geometric primitives, point data, representing individual finds, samples and other points of interest were recorded in the process, making up two of the three vector shapes any GIs software can interpret and represent. The recorded data was then organized into separate layers that could be combined to produce new, interpretative layers for spatial and statistical analysis of archaeological features (Figure 2). each excavation season was kept separate to enable individual research per year, but features excavated over two or more seasons can also be examined jointly, either through combining data from different layers, or through the direct search capabilities of the software. However, more complex situations in the field, that would have traditionally required an illustrator as part of the team, were treated differently. Well defined surfaces or structures were carefully excavated and cleared until a clear, in situ situation could be established. Then, instead of having a dedicated field illustrator draw a scale drawing, a process which can sometimes take several hours and completely block further excavation in the trench until finished, image-based modelling was used to create indirect documentation in the form of an orthogonal composite model. The resulting model then becomes a baseline for the creation of a drawing offsite after the excavation. Although this method is significantly faster, it is no less precise; in fact just the opposite, it is even more precise. Hand drawing is commonly based on a limited set of measurements followed by a free hand drawing of features in between the measurements by the illustrator. some bias, or random data, is thus unavoidably input into hand drawings of even the best illustrators. Also, it is often the case that the illustrator and the excavator interpret archaeological importance differently, which can lead to some potentially-valuable information being omitted from the hand drawing (Gutehall 2016). Further, the scanning and digitization of scanned drawings can also introduce further errors or omissions into the documentation, either due to equipment or operator. Using a 3D model as a baseline for the drawing of vector shapes is not the end product of this approach, but rather, just a step in the longer process towards obtaining a 3D surface model created through the use of specialised software such as Agisoft photoscan, with a relatively user-friendly interface that enables the low-cost creation of accurate 3D models from a set of digital photographs taken in a particular manner. Figure 2. GIS-based documentation system used by the Borderlands: ARISE system. 0 500 m IANSA 2017 ● VIII/2 ● 125–136 Miroslav Marić, Jugoslav Pendić: Analog vs. Digital Documentation – Cutting the Costs, Expanding the Possibilities. Idjoš Gradište Case Study 128 In contrast to producing 2D documentation out of 3D content (which was in essence a standard procedure even before image-based modelling became available), an argument can be made to shift the whole process completely to 3D space. The model generated through image-based modelling is a single entity, one that is made out of particularities – daub floor surface, pottery fragments, dispersed daub, postholes, daub enclosures, etc. In other words, the remains of a once functional feature; a Neolithic household in this case, are distributed as single entities that have been joined to an unclassified whole. As Wulff and Koch (2011) suggest, it is possible to use polygons (cAD utilities) collected by total station measurements, which are routinely collected during the primary documentation process, as a means to produce a classified model where each class is representing a defined feature. Additionally, using the very same polygons, one can separate the mesh into geometrically-independent units, with the special notion that should be used by a uniform projection system for data collection. However, in some countries, serbia being one example, this kind of archaeological documentation is still not recognised by the authorities (i.e. the Ministries of culture or other similar bodies tasked with overseeing archaeological research) as officially-required documentation, thus rendering it unusable in post excavation reporting. It is our hope that this will change in
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来源期刊
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica Arts and Humanities-Archeology (arts and humanities)
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
15
审稿时长
24 weeks
期刊最新文献
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