A Three-Dimensional Body Force Modeling of Fans in Windmilling Condition and Its Application

To investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the fan in windmilling conditions, a new body force model with the fan rotational speed prediction model was developed. The fan rotational speed prediction model was built based on the balance of fan output torque and resistance torque. The rotational speed of the fan spool can be iteratively solved simultaneously with solving the governing equations without requiring mass flow rate or other inputs. The comparison with the experimental results shows that using the body force model can accurately predict the rotational speed of the fan spool under different operating conditions. The radial distribution of flow parameters can be obtained. Moreover, numerical simulations of the fan under different circumferential total pressure distortion inflow conditions were conducted using the body force model. The results show that, unlike the design point and non-design point at which the fan operates normally, the high radius region of the fan is in the “turbine mode” while the low radius region is in the “compressor mode” under windmilling conditions. The different effects on the longitudinal vortex in the two regions deepen and alleviate the circumferential distortion, respectively. There are strong circumferential and radial pressure gradients at the junction of the distortion-affected zone and the non-distortion-affected zone, adding additional mixing losses.