Increasing Cases of Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis in Children: A Series of 215 Cases From a Single Tertiary Referral Center

Objective Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a rare autoinflammatory bone disease that is gaining recognition from clinicians and researchers. We aim to publish data from our cohort of patients with CNO living in the northwestern United States to increase the awareness of specific demographics, characteristics, and presentation of this rare disease. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of our electronic medical records. Patients with complete chart records who met criteria for a diagnosis of CNO from 2005 to 2019 were included. Extracted data including patient demographics, bone biopsy results, and lesion locations on advanced imaging were analyzed. King County census data were used to calculate the annual new case rate within our center. Results A total of 215 CNO cases were diagnosed at our large tertiary pediatric hospital. The majority of cases were of White race residing in Washington’s most populous county, King County. Most cases were diagnosed in 2016 to 2019, showing a significant increase in the annual case rate from 8 to 23 per million children in King County, though there did not appear to be a seasonal predilection. Biopsy rate decreased from 75% to 52%. One hundred fifty-two (71%) children had family history of autoimmunity. With increasing use of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI), results showed 68% had multiple lesions. Conclusion CNO has been diagnosed at an increased rate in recent years. WB-MRI may assist in identifying other lesions that may be asymptomatic on presentation. Bone biopsy is still required in some children at the time of diagnosis.