X-ray fluorescence analysis of the pottery shards from dahan-E ghulaman, the achaemenid site in Sistan, east of Iran

The aim of this study was to determine whether pottery shards from Dahan-e Ghulaman were locally made or imported from elsewhere. Dahan-e Ghulaman is one of the most ancient settlements in Iran’s Sistan during the Achaemenid period. The study shows that the antiquity of the site goes back to the 6th and 5th centuries BC, the earthenware found in Dahan-e Ghulaman being simple and unpainted in buff and buffish red colours. However, another type of pottery also can be observed in the Dahan-e Ghulaman collection; these are painted red inside and milky outside, and are similar to ceramics from the Nadali site in Afghanistan. The dishes include short cups with wide mouths in red and orange. Archaeologists believe that most of the pottery shards are locally made; hence, to test this hypothesis, a scientific analysis was done to determine the chemical composition of the pottery shards. X-Rays Fluorescence (XRF) was applied to determine the major and trace elements of the pottery shards. The results demonstrate that most of the pottery shards are in the same group and this strongly suggests that they are local products. Additionally, based on the major and trace elements, it can be suggested that five samples are not locally made. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 35–41 Hossein Sarhaddi-Dadian, Hossein Moradi, Zuliskandar Ramli, Vahid Purzarghan: X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Pottery Shards from Dahan-e Ghulaman, the Achaemenid Site in Sistan, East of Iran 36 Greek writer, has mentioned the eleven largest and most famous cities in Drangiana (Mehrafarin 2016). Considering the archaeological evidence, most of the archaeologists believe that the site of Dahan-e Ghulaman had been the capital of Sistan during the Achaemenid period. 2. Dahan-e Ghulaman site Dahan-e Ghulaman is located about 44 km from Zabol city and 2 km from the Kale New Village in the north of the province of Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran (Figure 1). This site was discovered and excavated by Umberto Scerrato in 1960–1965 (Scerrato 1966). After the Iranian revolution, in October 2000, Seyyed Mansour Seyyed Sajjadi began a new series of excavations in Dahan-e Ghulaman (Sajjadi 2007). The reports and maps from the Dahan-e Ghulaman site prepared by the Italian demonstrate that the site was covered by dunes located alongside the Hirmand River among several historical sites (Mariani 1977; Sceratto 1962). The buildings are arranged in fairly regular rows, and due to the 120-day wind phenomenon which always blows from northwest to the southeast, all of the entrance doors are located on the southern side of the building or wind breakers have been built in front of them. The main walls of buildings have been constructed using strong bricks. The rooms’ roofs are crescent dome-shaped and they are located next to each other forming a beautiful architecture (Mariani 1977). The buildings are distributed over an area 200 m in length, from 300 m to 800 m in width and about 300 m from the dried Senate River Delta. Only worn and broken pottery shards have been found scattered across the city. Owing to its size and extent of the buildings in the city, it is clear that the main city had been larger (Genito 1990). This city had a short life of between 150 to 200 years in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. The city had been built with a remarkable plan and for a specific purpose, making it a good example for the study of trends in urban history (Cattenat, Gardin 1977). Dahan-e Ghulaman had been shrinking slowly and the evidence shows that no significant artefact has been found in the excavation. The city had been evacuated voluntarily and not due to external factors such as war or fire. After that, Dahan-e Ghulaman had been used seasonally by nomads and shepherds. Flowing sand gradually covered all the buildings for more than 2000 years (see Later, Genito 2010; Sajjadi 2006). 3. Material and methods 3.1 Dahan-e Ghulaman’s Potteries According to the morphology and typology, Dahan-e Ghulaman’s pottery does not show many variations. A chronological analysis of the pottery by Genito has shown that the antiquity of the site goes back to the 6th and 5th centuries BC. (Genito 1990). In total, the earthenware of Dahan-e Ghulaman is simple and non-painted in buff and buffish red colours, but another type of pottery can be seen among the Dahan-e Ghulaman collection. These have a red colour inside and a milky colour outside and look like the pottery of the Nadali site in Afghanistan (Dales 1977). The dishes include short cups with open mouths in red and orange colours. Some of them have the potters’ signs. A group of them have been detected from room No. 1 in building No. 15 beside the large pottery oven, and other different fragments can be seen in rooms No. 2 and 3. Besides the cups, different types of pottery, including deep bowls and vats, can be observed. The pottery objects in building No. 15 can be divided into four groups: 1. A large part of building No. 15 had been made from cylindrical pipes, and these were filled at the bottom with rough bodies in buff and orange, and found in rooms No. 1, 2 and 3. The cylindrical pipes filled at the bottom are placed at a distance of 20–25 cm from each other in room No. 1, while the cylindrical pipes in room No. 2 can be observed as irregular, scattered, and broken, along with scarred and unscarred hand stones. The lengths of the pipes are almost identical—between 23 and 30 cm. It does not seem that these differences had a significant impact on the use the pottery tubes were put to. The edge shape and holes created in the pipes are not in a standard form, and they are different from each other. The whole diameter decreases gradually from the top to the bottom, and the indication is that they have been created by a great twist. Apparently they have similar shapes, but with different rim shapes, which have been divided into the following five types: 1. Pipes with an everted globular rim, 2. Deep pipes with flat edges, 3. Pipes with fully-drawn everted rims, 4. Pipes with angled edges, which are convex, Figure 1. The location of the Dahan-e Ghulaman site in the Sistan Region. IANSA 2017 ● VIII/1 ● 35–41 Hossein Sarhaddi-Dadian, Hossein Moradi, Zuliskandar Ramli, Vahid Purzarghan: X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of the Pottery Shards from Dahan-e Ghulaman, the Achaemenid Site in Sistan, East of Iran 37 5. Pipes with a cylindrical body, and inverted rims (Sajjadi 2002). 2. Large dishes: these pieces of pottery have been obtained from building No. 2. However, we are unable to reconstruct them as they are damaged. This pottery can be classified in terms of the building techniques employed, such as: 1. Red rough pottery mixed with oil materials that include small and large dishes, 2. Common pottery, including red, orange, and buff colours with a clear cover, which had been locallyproduced in Dahan-e Ghulaman. The shapes were mostly scaphoid cups, vats with flat bases, ventricular vats with trumpet-shaped bases – but these are very few in number, a kind of cylindrical pot, and large pots with a trumpet base. Though there were few types of decoration on the pottery, they included straight lines, wavy lines, and stylized motifs (Scerrato 1966b). 3. Monochrome pottery with sieved soil and different colours: the pottery shards are in red, pink, brown and yellowish colours; the dishes have thin bodies and include oblique bodies, scaphoid, stemless cups, and large containers. All of the pottery shards were simple except for one that had a geometrical vine shoot (Scerrato 1962). 4. Polished bicolor pottery: these pieces usually have red colours inside and a white colour outside, and a rather thick glaze (Scerrato 1966b). According to Genito who studied them, the pottery of Dahan-e Ghulaman can be divided into two major groups as follow: A. Unrestricted dishes, and B. Restricted ones. 3.1.1 Unrestricted dishes 1. Cylindrical-conical beakers: These pottery pieces are medium-sized and their heights are greater than their width. The cross-sectional profile shows a small concave body and a vertical height with sharp edges. They are in some ways similar to the cylindrical containers that had spread out from the traditional period, the Iron Age in the northeast of Iran (Cattenat, Gardin 1977). There can be two different typologies common between the northeast of Iran and Sistan. The former is 17.30 cm high and the latter is 10.15 cm. The base of the first type is usually an inverted cone that is separated with great variation in the body (Genito 1990). The vessel type of the Iron Age can have certain forms in northeastern Iran, with pear-shaped biconical beakers at Shahre Sokhta (see Buson, Vidale 1983; Tosi 1969). The containers of Dahan-e Ghulaman have two features, related to the production of the kick wheel, which include concentric lines and symmetrical signs on the outer surface of the base. The spiral is created by moving the kick wheel at the bottom level of their insides (Genito 1990), and is comparable to the pottery shards of Pasargad site in terms of edge form and container shape (Stronach 1978). 2. Carinated Cups: The most distinctive morphological features of these cups are steep slopes that have been located at 2/3 the height of the containers. The name “Carinated Cups” was suggested by Sceratto (Sceratto 1962), while other researchers have used different expressions, such as assiettes carenees a levre horizontal (Cattenat, Gardin 1977), or shallow bowls with a prominent horizontal rim (Vogelsong 1987). These cups or bowls were widely distributed in Iranian territories from the Iron Age until the 3rd or 4th centuries BC. This type of pottery also has been detected from Arachosia and northwest Iran, but these are different from the shapes at Dahan-e Ghulaman, and have still not been found on this site. Carinated cups have been scattered in various geographic areas. They have been observed from the northwest of Iran to Afghanistan. The carinated cups of Sistan can be ob