THE EVOLUTION PROCESS OF EPIPHYTOSYSTEMS OF ANGUINOSIS (ANGUINA SPP.) OF CEREALS

The evolution of flowering plants including the Gramineae family is associated with birds and mammals that play a large role in distribution of seeds. The appearance of galls in the evolution which are formed as a result of the vital activity of Anguina in various organs of cereal plants resembles the convergence process with flowering plant seeds. Like seeds, galls firstly appear to be the resting structures having a strong envelope which helps Anguina to survive unfavorable conditions. Like seeds, galls possess the same distribution ways that have been developed in the evolution, namely by wind, water, mammals and birds. Anguina form galls that look like seeds of cereals, namely plant embryo in a seed and many nematodes in galls. Together with coevolution of the epiphytosystem (plant + phytoparasite + herbivore), one herbivore species in biogeocenosis is changed for another species that ousts it in the competitive struggle. However due to its peculiarities such species spread seeds and galls poorly. Different microorganisms adapt to each species of the epiphytosystem including those "useful" for the epiphytosystem. Bacteria Rathayibacter tritici and R. toxicus colonized galls and caused death of herbivorous mammals. Those animals stopped to consume cereal seeds and galls which granivorous birds began to consume and "sow" seeds and galls into typical and other biogeocenoses. As a result of the coevolution, the epiphytosystem with included toxic microorganisms developed to a higher level. The very set of anguinosis epiphytosystems in a particular biogeocenosis is determined by historically established interspecific relationships and characteristics of coalition of host plants, Anguina, “useful” bacteria, herbivores and birds.