IAA production and maize crop growth promoting potential of endophyte Aspergillus niger (AO11) under salt stress

Soils with dissolved residual salts are known as salt affected soils. Salt stress has now turn a severe danger to crops development in arid and semi-arid areas of the globe due to excess evaporation and poor-rainfall,combined with piteous land and water governance methods [1]. The generic view was that salinizations happen mostly in all areas of the world [2]. Internationally, more than 800 million hectares of soil are impacted by alkalinity (397 million hectares) or sodium toxicity (434 million hectares) [3]. Salt concentrations more than 0.25 M affects corn crop and can inhibit development and trigger serious wilting [4]. Sodium was the primary hazardous ion which disrupts with potassium activity and therefore infuriates stomatal simulations exploit to severe evaporation and necrosis in maize [5]. Ultraosmotic stress as well as harmful impacts of sodium and chloride ions on seed germination in a salty area could prevent and limited germination [6] also the corn plants under saline stress noted with decrease chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids with a decrease in total photosynthetic activity [7]. Endophytes are described as microorganisms completely resident in cells of stem,roots or leafs of plants. Over one million fungal species are estimated to be found in distinct crops genera reflecting the hypervariety of endophytic fungi [8]. Endophytic fungi are one of the greatest suppliers of natural bioactive compounds that can be used in various fields, such as agriculture, healthcare and food technology [9, 10]. A number of endophytes were investigated in order to develop growth-promoting metabolites comparable to those generated by their host crops, but in greater amounts [11]. Many fungal-endophytes are noted to enhance crop production in several ecosystems, [12]. Many endophytes were studied to ascertain their capacity for producing bioactive products comparable to those generated by their host crops [13]. In several plants [14], symbiosotic endophytic pathogens have been observed to enhance plant growth. Auxins (IAA) and gibberellins (GA3, GA4 and GA7) were recorded to be produced IAA production and maize crop growth promoting potential of endophyte Aspergillus niger (AO11) under salt stress