调节噪音对北美海洋哺乳动物的影响:加拿大和美国法律框架概述

A. Wright, H. Moors-Murphy
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在许多国家,海洋哺乳动物受到专门的分类学立法、濒危物种立法和一般环境管理法律的保护。这些国家的政府和机构的任务是根据本国法律评估和限制人类的影响,包括由水下噪声排放引起的影响。虽然美国已经为海洋哺乳动物的听力建立了永久性和暂时性阈值转移(PTS和TTS)的阈值,但加拿大尚未为听力损伤或其他与噪声相关的影响建立具体的数字阈值。鉴于加拿大和美国共同负责管理一些处于危险中的海洋哺乳动物,我们简要概述了这两个司法管辖区与管理噪音对海洋哺乳动物影响有关的主要法律和相关标准。美国PTS/TTS阈值只是用于评估和减轻噪声对海洋哺乳动物的全面影响的一套要素中的一小部分,在加拿大实施这些(或任何其他)阈值并不会否定进行具体案例影响评估以满足其自身更广泛要求的必要性。在应用美国阈值来处理加拿大法律标准时应谨慎,因为这些阈值可能适用的法律定义存在实质性差异。因此,加拿大是否需要和应用类似的通用PTS/TTS阈值仍在争论中,这两个边境国家可能会继续以不同的方式评估噪音影响。
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Regulating Impacts of Noise on Marine Mammals in North America: An Overview of the Legal Frameworks in Canada and the United States
Abstract Marine mammals are protected under dedicated taxonomic legislation, endangered species legislation, and general environmental stewardship laws in many countries. Governments and agencies within those countries are tasked with assessing and limiting human impacts in accordance with their own laws, including those arising from underwater noise emissions. While the United States (US) has established thresholds for permanent and temporary threshold shifts (PTS and TTS) in the hearing of marine mammals, Canada has not yet established specific numeric onset thresholds for hearing impairment or other noise-related impacts. Given that Canada and the US are jointly responsible for the management of a number of at-risk marine mammals, we provide a brief overview of the main laws and associated standards relevant to management of noise impacts on marine mammals in these two jurisdictions. The US PTS/TTS thresholds are only a small part of a suite of elements collectively applied to assess and mitigate the full range of impacts of noise on marine mammals, and the implementation of these (or any other) thresholds in Canada would not negate the need to conduct case-specific impact assessments to satisfy their own broader requirements. Caution should be taken when applying US thresholds to address Canadian legal standards, as there are substantial differences in the legal definitions to which these thresholds might be applied. Thus, the need for, and application of, similar generalised PTS/TTS thresholds in Canada is still under debate and noise impacts will likely continue to be assessed in different ways in these two bordering nations.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
14
期刊介绍: Drawing upon the findings from island biogeography studies, Norman Myers estimates that we are losing between 50-200 species per day, a rate 120,000 times greater than the background rate during prehistoric times. Worse still, the rate is accelerating rapidly. By the year 2000, we may have lost over one million species, counting back from three centuries ago when this trend began. By the middle of the next century, as many as one half of all species may face extinction. Moreover, our rapid destruction of critical ecosystems, such as tropical coral reefs, wetlands, estuaries, and rainforests may seriously impair species" regeneration, a process that has taken several million years after mass extinctions in the past.
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