人口贩运,移民法规和次联邦刑事定罪

IF 0.4 Q2 Social Sciences New Criminal Law Review Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI:10.1525/NCLR.2017.20.1.96
Jennifer M. Chacón
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引用次数: 7

摘要

在不到二十年的时间里,人口贩运问题已经从一个相对模糊的概念演变为一个被广泛讨论的国际社会问题,并在国际、国家和国家以下各级产生了一系列干预措施。本文的目的是阐明如何在地方一级实例化反贩运的努力。本文通过考察2004-2014年期间美国九个不同州的州反贩运立法、州内反贩运工作的报纸报道以及涉及州贩运起诉的公开案件,评估了美国次联邦反贩运工作的记录。这些州的反人口贩运法律有着不同的历史。一些州议员的动机似乎主要是出于对移民控制的关切,而另一些人则担心有必要进一步将性剥削定为犯罪。本文讨论了这些历史,然后通过查看根据这些州贩运法律提起的刑事诉讼,分析了州一级反贩运法律的实施情况。这一分析表明,虽然在一些司法管辖区,贩运法作为州一级移民控制工作的重要组成部分发挥着重要作用,但总的来说,所有司法管辖区的州检察官在贩运起诉中大都倾向于以公民为目标,而不是非公民。大多数州检察官都使用州一级的反贩运法规来指控少数种族群体的成员-主要是但不完全是男性-与商业性犯罪有关的贩运。文章的最后一部分探讨了这些发现的一些含义,并为未来的研究提供了建议。反贩运法律对广泛的人口剥削问题引起了必要的注意。然而,就像以前对犯罪行为的监管一样,为了实现反贩运目标而部署州刑法也可能以使种族歧视的警务和移民定罪永久化的方式发挥作用。
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Human Trafficking, Immigration Regulation and Sub-Federal Criminalization
In less than two decades, the issue of human trafficking has evolved from a relatively obscure concept to a widely discussed international social problem that has engendered a host of interventions at the international, national, and sub-national level. The purpose of this article is to shed light on how anti-trafficking efforts have been instantiated at the local level. This article assesses the record of sub-federal anti-trafficking efforts in the United States by looking at state anti-trafficking legislation, newspaper coverage of anti-trafficking efforts within states, and published cases involving state trafficking prosecutions in nine different states in the United States in the period from 2004-2014. These states’ anti-trafficking laws have varied histories. Some state legislators appear to have been motivated primarily by concerns about migration control, others by concerns about the need to further criminalize sexual exploitation. This article discusses these histories and then analyzes the implementation of anti-trafficking laws at the state level by looking at criminal prosecutions brought under these state trafficking laws. This analysis reveals that while trafficking law functions discursively as an important component of state-level migration control efforts in some jurisdictions, by and large state prosecutors in all jurisdictions have largely tended to target citizens, not noncitizens, for their trafficking prosecutions. Most state prosecutors have used state level anti-trafficking statutes to charge members of racial minority groups – largely, but not exclusively, men – for trafficking in connection with commercial sex offenses. The final section of the article explores some of the implications of these findings, and offer suggestions for future research. Anti-trafficking laws have brought needed attention to wide-ranging problems of human exploitation. Like prior iterations of criminal vice regulation, however, the deployment of state criminal laws to achieve anti-trafficking goals can also work in ways that perpetuate racially discriminatory policing and migrant criminalization.
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期刊介绍: Focused on examinations of crime and punishment in domestic, transnational, and international contexts, New Criminal Law Review provides timely, innovative commentary and in-depth scholarly analyses on a wide range of criminal law topics. The journal encourages a variety of methodological and theoretical approaches and is a crucial resource for criminal law professionals in both academia and the criminal justice system. The journal publishes thematic forum sections and special issues, full-length peer-reviewed articles, book reviews, and occasional correspondence.
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