苏联和后苏联时期乌克兰的差异和非差异城市化

O. Havryliuk
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Therefore, it is important to study the trends of urbanization in Ukraine through the prism of the concepts of stage-cyclical urban development. The comparison of the results with international trends and cases is also of high relevance. Based on these motives, this article tests the differential urbanization model as one of the key models of stage-evolutionary development of urban systems of higher hierarchical levels.\n\nThe purpose of the article: (1) to investigate the peculiarities of the development of urbanization processes in Ukraine during 1959-2019; (2) to rethink the conceptual basis of the differential urbanization model and methodological approaches to its testing in Ukraine; (3) to identify Soviet and post-Soviet patterns of urban development in Ukraine based on the results of identification of stages of the differential urbanization model; (4) to compare the results of testing the differential urbanization model in Ukraine with the cases from other countries.\n\nMethodology. Based on the theory of the differential urbanization model and the experience of testing this model in other countries, certain methodological approaches were elaborated to test this concept at the national scale in Ukraine, namely (a) fixed sizes of urban centres, (b) two types of demographic indicators (rate of population growth and net migration rate) are used to identify the stages of differential urbanization, (c) calculations are based on official census data in Ukraine and inter-census estimates of migration and population.\n\nResults. Empirical results indicate that urban development in Ukraine during 1959-2019, within the differential urbanization model, had several restarts, due to crisis processes of deconcentration of the population and crisis patterns of non-differential urbanization. The great or the first cycle of differential urbanization has been recorded since 1959, after the Second World War, as in 1959-1970 the initial stage of urbanization was identified. In 1970-1979, urban development entered the advanced stage of urbanization, which lasted until 1989. In 1989-1992, the initial stage of polarization reversal was observed in Ukraine. The crisis stage of non-differential urbanization started after 1992, when all categories of urban centres began to rapidly lose their population (for example, the same situation was observed in Estonia in the 1990s). Unfortunately, it was not possible to record migration trends in 1992-2002 due to the lack of a quality statistical base, and for this reason the end of the crisis stage cannot be clearly identified. Starting from 2002-2004, there was a restart of the advanced stage of urbanization, which prevailed until 2005-2007. During the World Economic Crisis (2008-2010), a crisis stage of counter-urbanization was recorded, which indicates a certain crisis deconcentration of the population of urban centres (for example, the same situation was recorded in the former West Germany and Russia during the socio-political and military crises of the first half XX century). A new restart of Ukrainian urbanization within the framework of the differential urbanization model took place in 2011-2013, when the advanced stage of large urban centres was identified. However, since 2014 in Ukraine the crisis pattern of non-differential urbanization has been fixed due to the aggravation of crisis processes in the socio-economical life of the country and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Donbas.\n\nScientific novelty and practical significance. Based on the results of previous research, a hybrid methodological approach to testing the differential urbanization model at the national scale was created, which was tested in Ukraine. The results of testing the differential urbanization model using the hybrid methodological approach indicate the temporary extramodelity and diversity of urban development in Ukraine. In general, with stable economic and political systems, administrative-territorial integrity, and open access to demographic data, the differential urbanization model can be used for certain forecasting and further programming of urban development both at the national level and at the level of polycentric urban regions.","PeriodicalId":52802,"journal":{"name":"Visnik Kharkivs''kogo natsional''nogouniversitetu imeni VN Karazina Seriia Radiofizika ta elektronika","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Differential and non-differential urbanization in Ukraine during the soviet and post-soviet era\",\"authors\":\"O. Havryliuk\",\"doi\":\"10.26565/2410-7360-2021-55-11\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Formulation of the problem. 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引用次数: 1

摘要

问题的表述。迄今为止,有几种不同规模的城市系统分阶段发展的概念。但这些城市发展模式大多是在西方人文地理科学流派中创立的。这些模式有助于确定这些国家在社会经济和政治条件下的城市发展阶段。然而,这些模型往往不能清晰地识别后社会主义和后苏联国家的城市发展阶段,特别是在它们之前的社会主义或苏联时期。自20世纪90年代以来,乌克兰一直处于人口危机之中,这严重扭曲了研究人员对其领土上城市化进程的看法。因此,通过阶段周期城市发展的概念来研究乌克兰的城市化趋势是很重要的。结果与国际趋势和案例的比较也具有很高的相关性。基于这些动机,本文对差别化城市化模型作为高层次城市系统阶段演化发展的关键模型之一进行了检验。本文的目的:(1)调查乌克兰1959-2019年城市化进程发展的特殊性;(2)重新思考差异城市化模式的概念基础和在乌克兰进行测试的方法方法;(3)基于差异城市化模式阶段识别的结果,识别苏联和后苏联时期乌克兰城市发展模式;(4)比较乌克兰差异城市化模型的检验结果与其他国家的案例。根据差别城市化模式的理论和在其他国家检验这种模式的经验,制订了某些方法方法,以便在乌克兰全国范围内检验这一概念,即(a)固定规模的城市中心,(b)使用两种人口指标(人口增长率和净移徙率)来确定差别城市化的阶段。(c)计算是根据乌克兰的官方人口普查数据和人口普查期间对移民和人口的估计。实证结果表明,在差异城市化模型下,乌克兰1959-2019年的城市发展经历了数次重启,原因是人口分散的危机过程和非差异城市化的危机模式。第二次世界大战后的1959年以来,城市化的初始阶段被确定为1959-1970年,这是第一次有差异的城市化大周期。1970-1979年,城市发展进入城市化的高级阶段,一直持续到1989年。1989-1992年,乌克兰出现了极化逆转的初始阶段。1992年以后开始了无差别城市化的危机阶段,当时所有类别的城市中心开始迅速失去人口(例如,1990年代爱沙尼亚也出现了同样的情况)。不幸的是,由于缺乏高质量的统计基础,不可能记录1992-2002年的移徙趋势,因此不能明确确定危机阶段的结束。从2002-2004年开始,城市化的高级阶段重新开始,一直持续到2005-2007年。在世界经济危机(2008-2010)期间,记录了一个反城市化的危机阶段,这表明城市中心的人口出现了一定的危机分散化(例如,在20世纪上半叶的社会政治和军事危机期间,前西德和俄罗斯也记录了同样的情况)。2011-2013年,在差异城市化模式的框架内,乌克兰城市化重新开始,当时确定了大型城市中心的高级阶段。然而,自2014年以来,由于乌克兰社会经济生活危机进程的加剧,以及克里米亚自治共和国的吞并和俄罗斯-乌克兰顿巴斯战争的开始,乌克兰的非差别城市化危机模式已经固定下来。具有科学新颖性和现实意义。在前人研究成果的基础上,本文提出了一种检验国家尺度差异城市化模型的混合方法,并在乌克兰进行了检验。使用混合方法方法测试差异城市化模型的结果表明乌克兰城市发展的临时超模型性和多样性。一般来说,在经济和政治制度稳定、行政领土完整和人口数据开放的情况下,差异城市化模型可以用于国家一级和多中心城市区域一级的城市发展的某些预测和进一步规划。
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Differential and non-differential urbanization in Ukraine during the soviet and post-soviet era
Formulation of the problem. To date, there are several concepts for the phased development of urban systems of various scales. But most of these urban development models are created in Western scientific schools of human geography. These models help to identify the stages of urban development in the socio-economic and political conditions of these countries. However, these models often cannot cleanly identify the stages of urban development in post-socialist and post-Soviet countries, and especially in their previous socialist or Soviet periods. Since the 1990s, Ukraine has been in a demographic crisis, which significantly distorts the perception of researchers about the processes of urbanization in its territory. Therefore, it is important to study the trends of urbanization in Ukraine through the prism of the concepts of stage-cyclical urban development. The comparison of the results with international trends and cases is also of high relevance. Based on these motives, this article tests the differential urbanization model as one of the key models of stage-evolutionary development of urban systems of higher hierarchical levels. The purpose of the article: (1) to investigate the peculiarities of the development of urbanization processes in Ukraine during 1959-2019; (2) to rethink the conceptual basis of the differential urbanization model and methodological approaches to its testing in Ukraine; (3) to identify Soviet and post-Soviet patterns of urban development in Ukraine based on the results of identification of stages of the differential urbanization model; (4) to compare the results of testing the differential urbanization model in Ukraine with the cases from other countries. Methodology. Based on the theory of the differential urbanization model and the experience of testing this model in other countries, certain methodological approaches were elaborated to test this concept at the national scale in Ukraine, namely (a) fixed sizes of urban centres, (b) two types of demographic indicators (rate of population growth and net migration rate) are used to identify the stages of differential urbanization, (c) calculations are based on official census data in Ukraine and inter-census estimates of migration and population. Results. Empirical results indicate that urban development in Ukraine during 1959-2019, within the differential urbanization model, had several restarts, due to crisis processes of deconcentration of the population and crisis patterns of non-differential urbanization. The great or the first cycle of differential urbanization has been recorded since 1959, after the Second World War, as in 1959-1970 the initial stage of urbanization was identified. In 1970-1979, urban development entered the advanced stage of urbanization, which lasted until 1989. In 1989-1992, the initial stage of polarization reversal was observed in Ukraine. The crisis stage of non-differential urbanization started after 1992, when all categories of urban centres began to rapidly lose their population (for example, the same situation was observed in Estonia in the 1990s). Unfortunately, it was not possible to record migration trends in 1992-2002 due to the lack of a quality statistical base, and for this reason the end of the crisis stage cannot be clearly identified. Starting from 2002-2004, there was a restart of the advanced stage of urbanization, which prevailed until 2005-2007. During the World Economic Crisis (2008-2010), a crisis stage of counter-urbanization was recorded, which indicates a certain crisis deconcentration of the population of urban centres (for example, the same situation was recorded in the former West Germany and Russia during the socio-political and military crises of the first half XX century). A new restart of Ukrainian urbanization within the framework of the differential urbanization model took place in 2011-2013, when the advanced stage of large urban centres was identified. However, since 2014 in Ukraine the crisis pattern of non-differential urbanization has been fixed due to the aggravation of crisis processes in the socio-economical life of the country and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Donbas. Scientific novelty and practical significance. Based on the results of previous research, a hybrid methodological approach to testing the differential urbanization model at the national scale was created, which was tested in Ukraine. The results of testing the differential urbanization model using the hybrid methodological approach indicate the temporary extramodelity and diversity of urban development in Ukraine. In general, with stable economic and political systems, administrative-territorial integrity, and open access to demographic data, the differential urbanization model can be used for certain forecasting and further programming of urban development both at the national level and at the level of polycentric urban regions.
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