非洲大湖沿岸沉积物重金属污染(贝尔港,维多利亚湖),乌干达

Gabson Baguma, Andrew Musasizi, H. Twinomuhwezi, Allan Gonzaga, C. K. Nakiguli, Patrick Onen, C. Angiro, Augastine Okwir, Boniface Opio, Thomas Otema, Daniel Ocira, Ivan Byaruhanga, Eric Nirigiyimana, Timothy Omara
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引用次数: 4

摘要

维多利亚湖(L. Victoria)是非洲最大的热带和淡水湖,也是全球污染程度最高的湖泊之一。它由乌干达、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚共享,但只有非洲最长的河流尼罗河排干它的水。虽然对该湖进行了环境研究,但对维多利亚湖乌干达部分鱼类上岸地点和港口沉积物重金属污染的调查有限。在这项研究中,调查了乌干达L. Victoria的一个城市、工业和鱼类登陆点(Port Bell)的沉积物,以确定其HMs污染水平和对人类和生态系统的潜在健康风险。从贝尔港的三个不同地点收集了三份(n = 9)沉积物样品,用原子吸收光谱法对这些HMs进行了消化和分析:铜(Cu),铅(Pb),镉(Cd)和铬(Cr)。计算了通过皮肤接触的平均日剂量和危害商(HQ),以评估与疏浚工程(湖砂开采)相关的健康风险。采用污染因子(CF)、地质累积指数(Igeo)、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(PERI) 4个地球化学富集指标量化沉积物中HMs的污染程度。结果表明,样品中HM的平均含量范围为:Cu为6.111±0.01 ~ 7.111±0.002 mg/kg;Pb从40.222±0.003 mg/kg降至44.212±0.002 mg/kg;铬含量为0.352±0.007 ~ 0.522±0.010 mg/kg;从3.002±0.002至3.453±0.003 mg/kg之间。健康风险评估表明,在研究区域内进行的疏浚工程不存在可识别的非致癌健康风险,各项指标均低于1。得到的污染因子表明Cd在沉积物中已达到严重富集状态(CF > 6)。使用Igeo评估确定沉积物中Cu和Cr未受到污染,但Pb和Cd分别表现出低至中位和中位污染。虽然污染负荷指数显示污染水平不严重,但潜在生态风险指数显示贝尔港沉积物存在相当大的污染,特别是Cd。通过多元统计分析,Cd和Cr表现出很强的相关性,暗示它们是从人为来源引入的。基于沉积物中HMs浓度和本研究采用的环境指标,建议监测水体、沉积物和生物群中HMs浓度的空间变化。
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Heavy Metal Contamination of Sediments from an Exoreic African Great Lakes’ Shores (Port Bell, Lake Victoria), Uganda
Lake Victoria (L. Victoria) is the largest African tropical and freshwater lake, with one of the highest pollution levels, globally. It is shared among Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, but it is drained only by the river Nile, the longest river in Africa. Though environmental studies have been conducted in the lake, investigations of the heavy metals (HMs) contamination of sediments from fish landing sites and ports on the Ugandan portion of L. Victoria are limited. In this study, sediments of an urban, industrial and fish landing site (Port Bell) on L. Victoria, Uganda was investigated to establish its HMs pollution levels and potential health risks to humans and ecosystems. Sediment samples were collected in triplicate (n = 9) from three different points of Port Bell, digested and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry for the presence of these HMs: copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr). The average daily dose through dermal contact and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated to assess the health risk that is associated with dredging works (lake sand mining). Four geochemical enrichment indices: contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk (PERI) were used to quantify the contamination of the HMs in the sediments. The results showed that the mean HM content of the samples ranged from: 6.111 ± 0.01 to 7.111 ± 0.002 mg/kg for Cu; from 40.222 ± 0.003 to 44.212 ± 0.002 mg/kg for Pb; from 0.352 ± 0.007 to 0.522 ± 0.010 mg/kg for Cr; from 3.002 ± 0.002 to 3.453 ± 0.003 mg/kg for Cd. Health risk assessments indicated that there are no discernible non-carcinogenic health risks that could arise from the dredging works that are conducted in the study area as the indices were all below one. The contamination factors that were obtained suggest that Cd has reached a state of severe enrichment in the sediments (CF > 6). An assessment using Igeo established that the sediments were not contaminated with regards to Cu and Cr, but they exhibited low-to-median and median contamination with respect to Pb and Cd, respectively. Though the pollution load indices show that the contamination levels raise no serious concerns, the potential ecological risk indices show that there is considerable pollution of the Port Bell sediments, particularly with regard to Cd. Upon examination using multivariate statistical analyses, Cd and Cr showed a strong correlation which alluded to their introduction from anthropogenic sources. Based on the sedimentary HMs concentrations and the environmental indices that are employed in this study, it is recommended that the spatial variations in the concentrations of the HMs in water, sediments and biota should be monitored.
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