阿尔茨海默症之外的淀粉样蛋白积累

M. Urkon, E. Nagy
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摘要

阿尔茨海默病是现代医学未解决的难题之一,在研究、医疗和社会领域都造成了巨大的经济负担。旨在预防和减缓神经退行性过程的治疗方法是大量研究和临床试验的主题,但关于临床适用性的结果仍然微不足道。最初,我们认为缓慢的神经退行性变可以完全追溯到在大脑某些区域具有非典型结构和行为的β-淀粉样蛋白的积累。细胞内聚集的神经原纤维缠结的观察和神经炎症机制的形成不断补充了这一理论。在这方面,阿尔茨海默病相关的神经炎症是对β-淀粉样蛋白低聚物存在的免疫反应,最初导致小胶质细胞激活和炎症细胞因子释放。随着时间的推移,这一过程变成慢性的,扩展到星形胶质细胞、神经元和脑微血管,并导致功能障碍,临床上表现为认知和记忆缺陷。神经炎症的核心作用被具有抗炎能力的药物治疗失败所推翻。随后,我们对氧化应激和改变的脑胰岛素信号如何影响代谢过程的认识完成了我们的知识,为药物开发开辟了新的视角。尽管如此,新的候选药物接连失败,因为已经确定了复杂的调节机制,质疑β-淀粉样蛋白的初始触发作用和炎症的最终损害作用。本研究的目的是总结和介绍生化和病理生理知识,这些知识有助于目前更全面的了解阿尔茨海默病的发病过程。正确规划和执行临床前实验对于确定进一步的临床结论至关重要。通过对目前使用的啮齿动物模型的比较,我们试图引起人们对动物实验的复杂性及其多层次(行为,生化,组织学)评估的重要性的关注。
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Alzheimer’s disease beyond the amyloid accumulation
Abstract Alzheimer’s disease represents one of the unsolved problems of modern medicine, which assumes a significant financial burden in the research, medical, and social fields as well. Treatments intended for preventing and slowing neurodegenerative processes are the subject of a considerable amount of research and clinical trials, but the results are still insignificant regarding the clinical applicability. Initially, we believed that slow neurodegeneration can be traced back entirely to the accumulation of β-amyloid proteins with atypical structure and behavior in certain areas of the brain. This theory was constantly supplemented by the observation of intracellularly aggregating neurofibrillary tangles and the formulation of neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this regard Alzheimer’s disease-associated neuroinflammation is an immunological response to the presence of β-amyloid oligomers, which initially leads to microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine release. Over time, this process becomes chronic, extending to astrocytes, neurons, and brain microvascularization, and leading to functional impairment, which is clinically manifested in cognitive and memory deficits. The defined central role of neuroinflammation was overturned by the therapeutic failure of drugs with anti-inflammatory capacity. Subsequently, our knowledge was completed by the recognition of how oxidative stress and the altered brain insulin signaling influences metabolic processes, opening new perspectives for drug development. Despite this, new drug candidates are successively failing, as complex regulatory mechanisms have been identified that question the initial triggering role of the β-amyloid and the final impairing effect of the inflammation. The aim of this study is to summarize and present the biochemical and pathophysiological knowledge that contributed to the currently available more comprehensive picture and a more detailed understanding of the processes of Alzheimer’s disease. Properly planned and executed preclinical experiments are essential to establish further clinical conclusions. By the comparison of the currently used rodent models, we tried to draw attention to the complexity of animal experiments and the importance of their multi-level (behavioral, biochemical, histological) evaluation.
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