多源海上可再生能源平台的设计

G. Engelmann, Roy Robinson
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文将介绍一个包含以下系统的浮动平台的设计:传统风力涡轮机长周期和短周期波浪能捕获海洋热能转换(OTEC)开放流涡轮机储能。从结构的角度来看,重点是系统的集成;对每个系统成本的影响,以及由此产生的LCOE和隔夜成本;以及给定条件下的铭牌和峰值功率。海洋环境中的能量机制有风、浪、水流和海水温差。对某一开发地点的能源潜力进行评估和评级,为可再生能源技术系统的选择过程提供信息。海上可再生能源(ORE)技术可以概括为以下几组:海上风力涡轮机是目前市场上流行的ORE技术,类似于陆上风力涡轮机,但安装在固定或浮动的海上平台上。海洋热能转换(OTEC)利用地表水和海底水之间的温差来驱动热机。海洋水动力(MHK)装置转换来自波浪或流体流动的能量。波浪能转换器(WEC)是一种振动/互反/压力驱动系统,安装在浅水中,运行在海洋表面或海底附近。流动能量转换器(FEC)用于水流速度和方向相对恒定或高度可预测的地区,如果是间歇性的(潮汐)。与陆上风能站点不同,海上风能系统(特别是浮动风能系统)被这些其他能源所包围;综合可再生能源设施的设计过程涉及选择能够相互补充的系统,同时在运行环境中捕获能源,以及利用风力涡轮机支持结构和基础设施来降低WEC, FEC和OTEC系统的成本。通过利用浮动系统结构成本来容纳各种ORE技术,可以优化非发电设备的资本支出。典型的MHK或OTEC设施的夜间成本中,50%至70%将由不发电的设备和活动组成。这是与海上风电的主要区别之一,海上风电的隔夜资本成本约为30%。通过将多种技术结合到一个平台中,可以将MHK的间接成本降低到18%至36%,而对海上风电的间接成本几乎没有影响。最终的设计在配置上是新颖的,采用了多源铰接式梁腿(MASL)平台的形式,可以将能源平准化成本(LCOE -用于比较能源系统的经济指标)降低至少25%;可在港口制造和预调试;是完全可配置的当地条件;比目前使用的浮式风设计更稳定;并且可以按比例放大,携带任何大小的风力涡轮机。考虑到混合ORE系统提供的平均可用性系数更高,并且相对于独立ORE系统降低了单个系统的OPEX,使用集成ORE设施可以实现成本节约和收入增加,其示例如图所示。一个单一的MASL平台原型预计将产生与Hywind项目中唯一一个由5个桅杆型平台组成的商业浮动风电场一样具有成本效益的电力。根据公开资料,海风的内部收益率(IRR)在8% - 10%之间。MASL原型机的估计回报率是8.7%。两者都基于0.25美元/千瓦时的实现电价和25年的设计寿命。
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Design of a Multi-Source Offshore Renewable Energy Platform
The paper will present the design of a floating platform incorporating the following systems: Conventional Wind Turbine Long and Short Period Wave Energy Capture Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Open Flow Current Turbines Energy Storage The focus will be integration of the systems from a structural standpoint; effects on the cost of each system and the resulting LCOE and overnight cost; and the nameplate and peak power for given conditions. Energy mechanisms in the marine environment are the wind, waves, water currents, and seawater temperature differences. An assessment and rating of the energy resource potential of a given development site is used to inform the renewable energy technology system selection process. Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) technologies can be summarized into the following groups: Offshore Wind Turbines are the prevalent ORE technology exploiting the present market, similar to onshore wind turbines, but mounted upon a fixed or floating offshore platform. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature differential between surface water and seabed water to drive heat engines. Marine Hydro-Kinetic (MHK) devices convert energy from waves or fluid flow. Wave Energy Converters (WEC) are oscillating/reciprocal/pressure driven systems operating at or near the ocean surface or bottom mounted in shallow waters. Flow Energy Converters (FEC) are used in areas where velocity and direction of water flow is relatively constant or highly predictable if intermittent (tidal). Unlike an onshore wind energy site, offshore wind energy systems (especially floating ones) are surrounded by these other energy sources; the integrated renewable energy facility design process addresses selecting systems that will complement each other while capturing the energy resident in the operating environment, as well as leveraging the wind turbine supporting structure and infrastructure to reduce the costs of the WEC, FEC and OTEC systems. The amount of CAPEX spent on non-power generating equipment can be optimized by leveraging the floating system structure cost to host various ORE technologies. Between 50% and 70% of the overnight cost of a typical MHK or OTEC facility will consist of equipment and activities that do not generate power. This is one of the key differences with offshore wind which has an overnight capital cost overhead of roughly 30%. By combining multiple technologies into a single platform, it is possible to reduce the MHK overhead costs to 18 to 36%, with little or no effect on the offshore wind overhead costs. The resulting design is novel in configuration which takes the form of a Multi-source Articulated Spar Leg (MASL) platform and can reduce the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE – the economic measure used to compare energy systems) by at least 25%; can be fabricated and pre-commissioned in port; is fully configurable to the local conditions; is more stable than the current floating wind designs in use; and can be scaled up to carry any sized wind turbine. Both cost savings and an increase in revenue can be realized using integrated ORE facilities given the higher average availability factor offered by blended ORE systems and reduction of individual system OPEX relative to stand-alone ORE systems, and example of which is shown in Illustration of Results A single MASL platform prototype is expected to produce power as cost effectively as the only commercial floating wind farm consisting of 5 spar-type platforms that comprise the Hywind Project. Using published information, the internal rate of return (IRR) of Hywind is between 8% and 10%. The estimated return for the MASL prototype is 8.7%. Both based on a realized electricity price of $0.25/kWh and design life of 25 years.
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