Effectiveness of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution

Since the 1980s, Southeast Asia has experienced transboundary haze pollution. To combat this, ASEAN member states have taken action, culminating in the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002. Nevertheless, transboundary haze pollution remains a problem in the region. This note argues that the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution has had limited success for five reasons. First, there is no regional centre to monitor haze pollution and facilitate co-operation. Second, there are bilateral relations hindering joint response towards pollution. Third, there is ineffective legislative action and enforcement at the national level. Fourth, there are potential conflicts of interest between stakeholders involved in transboundary haze pollution. Fifth, an overarching issue lies in the ASEAN mode of governance, in which member states are reluctant to adopt an adversarial approach towards regional problems.