Dietary influences in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: an evidence-based narrative review

Background: A number of nutrients and dietary patterns have been proposed as therapeutic interventions for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder prevalent in as many as 5% of school-aged children. Evidence for these claims is inconsistent.Objectives: To estimate the efficacy of interventions with specific nutrients: vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and the Mediterranean diet pattern in reducing ADHD symptoms.Methods: A narrative review of the literature Results: The interventions considered herein have biological and physiological rationale supporting their proposed use in treating ADHD.  Evidence supporting their use is frequently seen in observational studies, but this evidence is less convincing in clinical trials and meta-analyses.  Conclusions: Professional bodies do not recommend these interventions for the general ADHD population in the absence of documented deficiencies.  Because the Mediterranean diet prevents chronic disease and promotes general health and wellness, it can be recommended as appropriate for children with ADHD.  Keywords: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); vitamin D; omega-3 fatty acids; magnesium; iron; zinc; copper; Mediterranean diet