欧洲新烟碱类杀虫剂作为植物保护活性物质的监管演变

P. Marchand
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引用次数: 0

摘要

新烟碱类杀虫剂(Neonicotinoid, NN)是由天然杀虫剂尼古丁衍生而来的欧盟化学作物保护系统活性物质,其毒性和生态毒性存在争议,特别是对传粉昆虫和鸟类的毒性。很明显,欧洲食品安全局最近的欧洲评估显示了对野生和管理蜜蜂的危险。与此同时,鸟类数量的下降部分归因于这类物质,这类物质在欧洲和美国都构成了一个家族。在监管层面,在2011年和2019年的最初批准浪潮之后,主要考虑到这些生态毒理学因素,欧盟委员会在2013年禁止使用三种神经网络杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪),后来,只有一种神经网络(啶虫啉)得到更新。在2019年和2020年,四个神经网络批准在批准或不续签结束时被取消,目前有两个神经网络的续签受到关注,尽管由于目前续签程序的缓慢,这些神经网络的批准期限预计会延长。因此,在全世界已知的NN杀虫剂分子总数(17种)中,2011年至今通过欧盟植物保护法规EC 1107/2009批准的NN多达7种。所有这些活性物质都列在管理活性物质的法规EU 540/2011的A部分和B部分。在这项工作中,分析了这些农用化学品的监管演变,从相应的全球修改来看,包括活性物质的数量、用途、功能、覆盖的用途、受保护的作物和最大残留限量。我们还分析了它们作为农用化学品家族持续存在的能力,以及纳入新NN成员的潜力,以及它们在欧洲活性物质寿命期间的当前限制。
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Regulatory Evolution of Neonicotinoid Insecticides as Plant Protection Active Substances in Europe
Neonicotinoid (NN) insecticides derived from natural insecticide nicotine are EU chemical crop protection systemic active substances that are controversial regarding their toxicity and ecotoxicity, especially versus pollinators and birds. Clearly, the last European evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority exhibited a danger to wild and managed bees. Concomitantly, the decline in birds was partially attributed to this class of substances, which constitutes a family in itself, both in Europe and the USA. At the regulatory level, following the initial approval waves in 2011 and 2019, and mainly taking into account these ecotoxicological considerations, the commission banned the use of three NN insecticides in 2013 (imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam), and later, only one NN (acetamiprid) was renewed. Four NN approvals were removed by the end of approval or non-renewal in 2019 and 2020, and two are currently concerns for renewals in 2025, even if extensions of the approval durations of these NNs are to be expected due to the current slowness of the renewal procedure. Therefore, from the total number (17) of NN insecticide molecules known all over the world, up to seven NN were approved by the EU plant protection Regulation EC 1107/2009 between 2011 and now. All of these active substances are listed in Parts A and B of Regulation EU 540/2011 managing active substances. The regulatory evolution of these agrochemicals is analysed in this work, from the corresponding global modifications in terms of the number of active substances, employment, functions, uses covered, protected crops, and maximum residue limits. We also analysed their ability to persist as an agrochemical family and the potential of the inclusion of new NN members together with their current restrictions during their active substance life in Europe.
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