关于基于区块链系统的可用性

I. Weber, V. Gramoli, A. Ponomarev, M. Staples, Ralph Holz, An Binh Tran, Paul Rimba
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引用次数: 137

摘要

区块链最近势头强劲。世界各地的初创公司、企业、银行和政府机构都在探索区块链的广泛应用,包括公共注册、供应链、健康记录和投票。可靠性属性,如可用性,对许多这些应用程序至关重要,但区块链技术提供的保证仍然不清楚,特别是从应用程序的角度来看。在本文中,我们确定了两种主流区块链,以太坊和比特币的可用性限制。我们证明,虽然区块链的读可用性通常很高,但写可用性(用于事务管理)实际上很低。对于以太坊,我们在97天内收集了600万笔交易。首先,我们根据应用程序的要求测量事务提交的时间。其次,我们观察到,由于固有的区块链设计,一些交易从未提交。第三,也许是更引人注目的,我们确定了缺乏显式中止或重试的内置选项的后果,这些选项可能使应用程序处于不确定状态,在这种状态下,事务在未知的持续时间内保持挂起(既不中止也不提交)。最后,我们提出了减轻现有区块链可用性限制的技术,并通过实验测试了这些技术的有效性。
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On Availability for Blockchain-Based Systems
Blockchain has recently gained momentum. Startups, enterprises, banks, and government agencies around the world are exploring the use of blockchain for broad applications including public registries, supply chains, health records, and voting. Dependability properties, like availability, are critical for many of these applications, but the guarantees offered by the blockchain technology remain unclear, especially from an application perspective. In this paper, we identify the availability limitations of two mainstream blockchains, Ethereum and Bitcoin. We demonstrate that while read availability of blockchains is typically high, write availability - for transaction management - is actually low. For Ethereum, we collected 6 million transactions over a period of 97 days. First, we measured the time for transactions to commit as required by the applications. Second, we observed that some transactions never commit, due to the inherent blockchain design. Third and perhaps even more dramatically, we identify the consequences of the lack of built-in options for explicit abort or retry that can maintain the application in an uncertain state, where transactions remain pending (neither aborted nor committed) for an unknown duration. Finally we propose techniques to mitigate the availability limitations of existing blockchains, and experimentally test the efficacy of these techniques.
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