Offspring mortality factors and parental care efficiency of the spider Manogea porracea (Araneidae) in the Brazilian savanna

The expressions of parental care can vary in space and time because factors driving offspring mortality depend on variable abiotic and biotic conditions. Manogea porracea is a spider that exhibits biparental care and widespread distribution in the Neotropical region. Parents can protect their offspring against abiotic conditions that may damage their webs, or compromise their egg sacs, and against araneophagic spiders that prey on their eggs. However, the current knowledge of the parental care in the species is restricted to a population located in areas covered by Eucalyptus plantations. This study investigates parental care efficiency in a new ecological context, a protected area of Brazilian savanna. We described the substrates in which M. porracea built webs and the agents of egg mortality. We also performed a parent removal experiment to test the effect of parental care on the integrity of nursery webs, offspring survival, and the presence of egg predators. Spiders built webs at variable heights and many distinct substrates but were mainly associated with the bromeliad Ananas ananassoides. We found two previously reported egg predators, Faiditus caudatus and Argyrodes elevatus (Araneae Theridiidae), and a new one emerging from the egg sacs, the insect Zeugomantispa virescens (Neuroptera Mantispidae). The presence of parents in the webs of M. porracea prevented the webs from collapsing and effectively increased offspring survival. However, the occurrence of egg predators was not reduced by the presence of parents. Overall, parental care increased offspring survival in both populations, but variation in biotic and abiotic factors between areas influenced offspring mortality and the efficiency of parental behaviours. Our results emphasise the importance of investigating multiple populations in behavioural studies of parental care. HIGHLIGHTS We investigated the efficiency of parental care of the spider M. porracea in a protected area of Brazilian savanna. Parents were efficient in increasing offspring survival and their presence assured the integrity of most nursery webs. Egg predators were found in webs regardless of the presence of parents and we registered for the first time the insect Zeugomantispa virescens within egg sacs. We discuss the implications of population variation for the ecology and evolution of parental care efficiency in M. porracea.