非常规油藏水力压裂过程中水垢管理的模拟研究

Ali Abouie, A. Sanaei, K. Sepehrnoori
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引用次数: 0

摘要

储层中地球化学结垢的形成和沉积是油气上游行业普遍存在的问题,它会导致设备腐蚀、井筒堵塞和产量下降。在非常规油藏中,结垢地层的负面影响更为明显,因为它会严重破坏水力裂缝的导流能力。因此,有必要预测结垢对裂缝导流能力和生产性能的影响。在这项工作中,考虑到裂缝和地层基质的损害,利用一个集成的反应输运模拟器来模拟常规和非常规储层中的地球化学反应以及输运方程。因此,利用与IPhreeqc集成的成分油藏模拟器(UTCOMP)来预测地层基质和水力裂缝中的地球化学规模地层。IPhreeqc为模拟地球化学反应提供了广泛的功能,包括局部热力学平衡和动力学。根据结垢地层的数量,调整孔隙度、渗透率和裂缝孔径以确定生产损失。结果表明,地层水/盐水与注入水/水力压裂液的相互作用是导致结垢的主要原因。物理化学性质,如压力、温度和pH值是影响储层结垢形成的次要因素。在水力压裂过程中,重晶石的沉淀和方解石的溶解是主要的反应,这是地层卤水、地层矿物成分和注入水/水力压裂液相互作用的结果。方解石溶蚀可增加基质孔隙度和渗透率,重晶石沉淀则相反。因此,整体效果和最终结果取决于几个参数,如HFF成分、HFF注入速率和地层矿物/盐水。从压裂液成分及侵入深度来看,重晶石沉淀的作用占主导地位,对累积产气量有负面影响。研究结果为油藏结垢预测提供了一个综合工具,可帮助作业者选择最佳压裂液和作业条件。
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Simulation Study of Scale Management During Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs
Geochemical scale formation and deposition in reservoir is a common problem in upstream oil and gas industry, which results in equipment corrosion, wellbore plugging, and production decline. In unconventional reservoirs, the negative effect of scale formation becomes more pronounced as it can severely damage the conductivity of hydraulic fractures. Hence, it is necessary to predict the effect of scale deposition on fracture conductivity and production performance. In this work, an integrated reactive-transport simulator is utilized to model geochemical reactions along with transport equations in conventional and unconventional reservoirs considering the damage to the fracture and formation matrix. Hence, a compositional reservoir simulator (UTCOMP), which is integrated with IPhreeqc, is utilized to predict geochemical scale formation in formation matrix and hydraulic fractures. IPhreeqc offers extensive capabilities for modeling geochemical reactions including local thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetics. Based on the amount of scale formation, porosity, permeability, and fracture aperture are modified to determine the production loss. The results suggested that interaction of the formation water/brine and injection water/hydraulic fracturing fluid is the primary cause for scale formation. The physicochemical properties such as pressure, temperature, and pH are the secondary cause affecting scale formation in the reservoir. During hydraulic fracturing, precipitation of barite and dissolution of calcite are identified to be the main reactions, which occur as a result of interaction between the formation brine, formation mineral composition, and injection water/hydraulic fracturing fluid. Calcite dissolution can increase the matrix porosity and permeability while barite precipitation has an opposite effect. Therefore, the overall effect and final results depend on several parameters such as HFF composition, HFF injection rate, and formation mineral/brine. Based on the fracturing fluid composition and its invasion depth in this study, the effect of barite precipitation was dominant with negative impact on cumulative gas production. The outcome of this study is a comprehensive tool for prediction of scale deposition in the reservoir which can help operators to select optimum fracturing fluid and operating conditions.
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