星际大分子的合成

IF 2.5 2区 化学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL International Reviews in Physical Chemistry Pub Date : 2017-04-03 DOI:10.1080/0144235X.2017.1293974
E. Herbst
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引用次数: 57

摘要

这篇综述是关于星际介质(ISM)中分子的形成,星际介质主要由称为星际云的气体和尘埃区域组成,其范围从几光年到100光年不等。在这些物体中,已经观察到超过200种不同的分子,其中很大一部分以天文标准来看是“大”的;即含有六个或更多原子的。化学家对星际云很感兴趣,因为这些来源中存在着奇异的分子和化学物质,而天文学家对它们感兴趣,因为这些云是唯一已知的新恒星和太阳系外行星的诞生地。恒星和行星从密集星际云的一部分形成是一个复杂的进化过程,有多个阶段,这取决于坍缩物体的质量。对于像我们的太阳这样的低质量恒星来说,这一过程是相当容易理解的,它会经历以下几个中间阶段:冷致密核、前恒星核、热核和原行星盘。对于大质量恒星来说,这个过程显然不太清楚,因为这些天体很罕见,而且是在持续时间很短的进化阶段形成的,至少从天文学上来说是这样。分子存在于所有这些阶段,在气相中,通常在固相中,其化学性质取决于物理条件和它们的历史。事实上,探测到的许多分子对揭示恒星和行星形成过程的复杂性有很大帮助。这篇综述分为几个部分,在介绍之后,我们讨论了合成大分子的不同类型的化学反应,从温度为10 K和气体密度的冷致密核心开始,通过原行星盘进行低质量恒星形成的各个阶段。简要讨论了其他几种类型的来源。然后,我们回顾了近年来在提高我们对这一快速发展和迅速发展的研究领域的化学知识方面所取得的一些最新进展。最后,我们简要讨论了ISM中用于跟踪各种来源的化学的详细化学模拟。
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The synthesis of large interstellar molecules
This review is concerned with the formation of molecules in the interstellar medium (ISM), which is composed mainly of regions of gas and dust known as interstellar clouds, ranging in size from a few to 100’s of light years in extent. Upwards of 200 different molecules have been observed spectroscopically in these objects, with a significant fraction of them ‘large’ by astronomical standards; i.e. containing six or more atoms. Interstellar clouds are of interest to chemists because of the exotic molecules and chemistry that occur in these sources, while they are of interest to astronomers because these clouds are the only known birthplaces of new stars and extrasolar planets. The formation of stars and planets from portions of dense interstellar clouds is a complex evolutionary process with multiple stages dependent upon the mass of the collapsing object. For low-mass stars such as our sun, the process is reasonably well understood and proceeds through the following intermediate stages: cold dense cores, pre-stellar cores, hot cores, and protoplanetary discs. For high-mass stars, the process is significantly less well understood because these objects are rare and are formed through evolutionary stages that are short in duration, at least astronomically speaking. Molecules are found in all of these stages, in the gas phase and often in the solid phase, with the chemistry dependent upon the physical conditions and their history. Indeed, the many molecules detected have helped significantly to unravel much of the complexity involved in stellar and planetary formation. This review is divided into sections in which, following an introduction, we discuss the different types of chemical reactions that synthesise large molecules, starting with cold dense cores of temperature 10 K and gas density , and proceeding through the various stages of low-mass star formation through protoplanetary discs. Several other types of sources are discussed briefly. We then review some recent progress that has occurred within the last several years in improving our knowledge of the chemistry in this fast-growing and rapidly evolving field of research. We end with a brief discussion of the detailed chemical simulations employed to follow the chemistry in the various sources in the ISM.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
14.20
自引率
1.60%
发文量
5
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: International Reviews in Physical Chemistry publishes review articles describing frontier research areas in physical chemistry. Internationally renowned scientists describe their own research in the wider context of the field. The articles are of interest not only to specialists but also to those wishing to read general and authoritative accounts of recent developments in physical chemistry, chemical physics and theoretical chemistry. The journal appeals to research workers, lecturers and research students alike.
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