空间和等级:婴儿期望地位较高的人在社会上占主导地位

Xianwei Meng, Yo Nakawake, Hiroshi Nitta, K. Hashiya, Y. Moriguchi
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引用次数: 8

摘要

社会等级制度存在于整个动物王国,包括人类。我们的日常互动不可避免地反映了个体之间的社会支配关系。我们如何在心理上表征这些概念?研究表明,成人和学龄前儿童的社会优势表现为垂直空间(即高=优势),表明社会认知中存在空间优势表征联系。然而,人们对它的早期发展知之甚少。在此,我们提供了实验证据,表明12- 16个月大的婴儿期望处于较高空间位置的代理比处于较低空间位置的代理更具社会支配性。在婴儿反复观看同时呈现的高级和低级行为者之后,当低级行为者在获得奖励对象的竞争中击败高级行为者时,他们看屏幕的时间更长,这表明这个结果违背了他们的高即占主导地位的期望。我们首先通过将智能体呈现在讲台上(实验1)来操纵它们的位置。然后我们将智能体呈现在双层展台上,使它们的空间位置直接高于或低于对方(实验2),我们重复了结果(实验3)。该研究表明,婴儿期望空间位置较高的智能体具有社会优势,这表明了个体发育中空间优势联系的深层根源。
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Space and rank: infants expect agents in higher position to be socially dominant
Social hierarchies exist throughout the animal kingdom, including among humans. Our daily interactions inevitably reflect social dominance relationships between individuals. How do we mentally represent such concepts? Studies show that social dominance is represented as vertical space (i.e. high = dominant) by adults and preschool children, suggesting a space-dominance representational link in social cognition. However, little is known about its early development. Here, we present experimental evidence that 12- to 16-month-old infants expect agents presented in a higher spatial position to be more socially dominant than agents in a lower spatial position. After infants repeatedly watched the higher and lower agents being presented simultaneously, they looked longer at the screen when the lower agent subsequently outcompeted the higher agent in securing a reward object, suggesting that this outcome violated their higher-is-dominant expectation. We first manipulated agents' positions by presenting them on a podium (experiment 1). Then we presented the agents on a double-decker stand to make their spatial positions directly above or below each other (experiment 2), and we replicated the results (experiment 3). This research demonstrates that infants expect spatially higher-positioned agents to be socially dominant, suggesting deep roots of the space-dominance link in ontogeny.
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