Comparative studies of egg parasitoids of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Den. & Schiff.) in historic and expansion areas in France and Bulgaria

To investigate enemy pressure across the range of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Den. & Schiff.) as it spreads northwards in Europe because of climate change, a survey of 206 egg batches from historical and newly colonized areas at both the westernmost and the easternmost ends of the front was carried out in 2016–2018. Out of them, 97 egg batches were collected from nine locations in three regions in France and 109 from four localities in two regions in Bulgaria, both within historical and newly colonized ranges of the pest. The average number of eggs per batch collected in Bulgaria (226.6 ± 43.2) was higher than that in France (194.3 ± 50.1). However, the hatching percentage was higher in French samples, varying from 69.8 to 95.7, vs 49.8 to 85.2 per cent in Bulgarian samples. Four primary parasitoids (Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Anastatus bifasciatus, Trichogramma sp.) and a hyperparasitoid (Baryscapus transversalis, found only in two regions of the historical range in Bulgaria) were identified. The oligophagous species B. servadeii was present at all sites within the historical range of the pest. In newly colonized areas, the impact of primary parasitoids on the host was distinctly low, suggesting that they lag behind the range expansion of pine processionary moth. In France, the most abundant species in the T. pityocampa parasitoid complex were B. servadeii in Ré Island and Orléans (97.3 and 87.4 per cent, respectively), and Trichogramma sp. (99.7 per cent) in a newly colonized locality in Fréhel. Ooencyrtus pityocampae prevailed in three of four Bulgarian localities (72.1 per cent in Sandanski, 89.7 per cent in Maglizh and 65.7 per cent in Sladak kladenets), whereas B. servadeii was the most abundant in Gega (75.4 per cent). Mortality of B. servadeii and O. pityocampae caused by the hyperparasitoid B. transversalis amounted to 4.8–6.2 per cent. The impact of predators on the pine processionary moth in the egg stage was negligible at most sites, reaching 12.5 per cent in only one site (Maglizh).