Notch–Jagged signaling complex defined by an interaction mosaic

Significance Communication between cells is essential for the development and homeostasis of tissues and prevents diseases, including cancers. The Notch and Jagged transmembrane proteins interact to regulate cell–cell communication in all multicellular animals. Defining their interactions is critical to understand Notch-associated disorders. While structural studies have focused on short regions of both proteins, it is unclear how their entire extracellular domains collectively engage to activate signaling. Here, we identify several unreported, interacting regions in the Notch1–Jagged1 full extracellular complex. We show that Notch1 and Jagged1 ectodomains are not fully extended and reveal that activation-determining regions, previously thought to be distal, engage directly. This interaction network redefines our knowledge on Notch activation and provides avenues for therapeutic advances. The Notch signaling system links cellular fate to that of its neighbors, driving proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation in metazoans, whereas dysfunction leads to debilitating developmental disorders and cancers. Other than a five-by-five domain complex, it is unclear how the 40 extracellular domains of the Notch1 receptor collectively engage the 19 domains of its canonical ligand, Jagged1, to activate Notch1 signaling. Here, using cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS), biophysical, and structural techniques on the full extracellular complex and targeted sites, we identify five distinct regions, two on Notch1 and three on Jagged1, that form an interaction network. The Notch1 membrane–proximal regulatory region individually binds to the established Notch1 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8–EGF13 and Jagged1 C2–EGF3 activation sites as well as to two additional Jagged1 regions, EGF8–EGF11 and cysteine-rich domain. XL-MS and quantitative interaction experiments show that the three Notch1-binding sites on Jagged1 also engage intramolecularly. These interactions, together with Notch1 and Jagged1 ectodomain dimensions and flexibility, determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, support the formation of nonlinear architectures. Combined, the data suggest that critical Notch1 and Jagged1 regions are not distal but engage directly to control Notch1 signaling, thereby redefining the Notch1–Jagged1 activation mechanism and indicating routes for therapeutic applications.