Preparation, Microstructure, and Properties of ZrO2(3Y)/Al2O3 Bioceramics for 3D Printing of All-ceramic Dental Implants by Vat Photopolymerization

Zirconia (ZrO₂) ceramics have potential applications in the field of oral medicine owing to their desirable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, chemical stability, and aesthetic properties. To realize clinical applications, ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ bioceramics for all-ceramic dental implants were prepared using vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology, and their process optimization, microstructure, mechanics, tribology, and biological properties were studied. The results indicate that when the sintering temperature and holding time are 1600 °C and 3 h, respectively, the density of ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ bioceramics reaches 98.79%, and its Vickers hardness, compressive strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness also reach their maximum values. Furthermore, the in vitro simulated oral environment wear tests showed that artificial saliva provides a lubricating effect on ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ bioceramics and improves wear resistance. The biosafety of ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ bioceramics was evaluated and ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ had no obvious cytotoxicity and promoted cell proliferation, growth, and adhesion. In addition, its surface has appropriate roughness and good wettability. In conclusion, ZrO₂(3Y)/Al₂O₃ bioceramics prepared by vat photopolymerization are promising biomaterials with broad application prospects in dental restoration.