The International Review of Biology: Stress and Brain Health: In Clinical Conditions

beginning, multiple neurobehavioral and neurobiological systems and the impact of stress due to early life challenges on those systems. Distinctions are made between psychological and physical stressors such overly toxic substances. Absi notes that psychological systemic changes in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responding. Absi defined addiction as a of behavioral, biological and psychological processes that contribute to impulsive behaviors and loss of control over use, obsessive thoughts about obtaining drugs, and continuation of use despite negative health and social consequences. the impact of immediate reinforcement over delayed consequences, one significant mechanism in the maintenance of addictive behavior. Absi concentrates on the sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis (SAM) as well as the hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal access (HPA). Within the HPA, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases Corticotropic Factor (CRF) which is transported to the pituitary gland which then stimulates that gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as well as beta endorphin.