Shared and Complementary Zones of Optimal Functioning (SZOF and CZOF): Theoretical Summary and Guidelines for Practice

Abstract The Shared Zones of Optimal Functioning (SZOF) framework posits that different teams or sub-teams share unique psycho-bio-social states, momentum, and leadership patterns associated with optimal performance. In this paper, a theoretical summary of the SZOF framework is provided and the concept of Complementary Zones of Optimal Functioning (CZOF) is advanced. The notions of Shared Zones of Proximal Development and Complementary Zones of Proximal Development are also outlined. A seven-session intervention plan, based on the SZOF and the CZOF tenets, is described in detail to aid practitioners working with small teams and sub-teams in a variety of sports and performance domains.