Sequential inactivation of ζ-crystallin by o-phthalaldehyde

o-Phthalaldehyde, a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, is commonly used as a probe for the active site of enzymes. In this study, the interaction of o-phthalaldehyde with camel lens ζ-crystallin was examined by activity and fluorescence measurements. Predictably, the oxidoreductase activity of ζ-crystallin was inhibited irreversibly by o-phthalaldehyde in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and the presence of NADPH with the enzyme appeared to provide a high degree of protection against o-phthalaldehyde inactivation. Interaction of o-phthalaldehyde with ζ-crystallin resulted in formation of isoindole adduct, which exhibited characteristic fluorescence at 415 nm. However, neither inactivation nor modification of the enzyme showed the expected pseudo-first-order kinetics; both events were highly sequential reaching different levels of saturation at different concentrations of o-phthalaldehyde. The modified enzyme had a maximum stoichiometry of 1 mol isoindole/subunit, and bound NADPH to nearly the same extent as unmodified enzyme. Gel filtration experiments suggested that o-phthalaldehyde-modified ζ-crystallin had higher apparent molecular weight than unmodified enzyme, even though the enzyme remained largely monomeric as revealed by electrophoresis on denaturing gel. These results suggested that modification by o-phthalaldehyde might have been so intrusive as to sequentially modify the tetrameric structure of ζ-crystallin.