Loop Path Reduction by State Pruning

Path explosion has been a problem for symbolic execution for a long time. The key to avoid path explosion is to limit the number of paths generated within loops while maintaining high code coverage. Full symbolic execution creates paths for every possible execution path. Frequently, paths within loops do not contribute to code coverage. Branches within loops may generate new states at every iteration. The path explosion problem created by loops often stops symbolic execution to reach deeper parts of the code. In this paper, we propose a new path exploration method that reduces the number of states needed to achieve high coverage. Our algorithm limits the number of new states created by first prioritizing states, and then pruning the states that do not contribute to code coverage. Our algorithm does not require loop invariant inference/loop summarization, nor does it bound the number of iterations of loop exploration. The proposed algorithm can thus handle a broader set of loops than previous approaches. In fact, our algorithm is orthogonal to loop summarization techniques and search-guide heuristics, so it complements the current methods. We have implemented our algorithm using KLEE and tested with 235 student-generated versions of a classroom assignment. Our results show that our algorithm helps to achieve the same coverage with speedup of 11.8× for 117 out of the 235 programs, while adding 15% max observed and 2% average overhead over the 50% of programs not benefiting from the technique. The maximum speedup for a single program is 52.3×.