Modulation of DNA Methylation/Demethylation Reactions Induced by Nutraceuticals and Pollutants of Exposome Can Promote a C > T Mutation in the Breast Cancer Predisposing Gene PALB2

Background: Deregulation of DNA methylation/demethylation reactions may be the source of C > T mutation via active deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine. Exposome, that is to say, the totality of exposures to which an individual is subjected during their life, can deregulate these reactions. Thus, one may wonder whether the exposome can induce C > T mutations in the breast cancer-predisposing gene PALB2. Methods: Our work is based on the exposure of MCF10A mammary epithelial cells to seven compounds of our exposome (folate, Diuron, glyphosate, PFOA, iron, zinc, and ascorbic acid) alone or in cocktail. The qMSRE and RMS techniques were used to study the impact of these exposures on the level of methylation and mutation of the PALB2 gene. Results: Here, we have found that exposome compounds (nutriments, ions, pollutants) promoting the cytosine methylation and the 5-methylcytosine deamination have the ability to promote a specific C > T mutation in the PALB2 gene. Interestingly, we also noted that the addition of exposome compounds promoting the TET-mediated conversion of 5-methylcytosine (Ascorbic acid and iron) abrogates the presence of C > T mutation in the PALB2 gene. Conclusions: Our study provides a proof of concept supporting the idea that exposomes can generate genetic mutation by affecting DNA methylation/demethylation.