P. Ankusheva, I. Alaeva, M. Ankushev, A. Fomichev, E. Zazovskaya, I. Blinov
{"title":"从矿石到金属:南乌拉尔山脉Novotemirsky矿的开采,公元前2000年","authors":"P. Ankusheva, I. Alaeva, M. Ankushev, A. Fomichev, E. Zazovskaya, I. Blinov","doi":"10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.030-038","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Novotemirsky mine was the first in the Southeastern Urals to have large areas of the site uncovered. This has yielded new information on the technologies practiced by the first metallurgists in the region and on the evolution of these practices in the second millennium BC. Cultural layers revealed evidence of all stages of Bronze Age metal production. Mining is documented by pits of various forms and adjoining waste dumps. This is the first time that shaft mining has been discovered in the Bronze Age of the Southern Trans-Urals. Metal smelting is evidenced by a copper- smelting furnace with slag. Metal tools were cast in bivalve molds, of which one, made of chloritolite, was used for casting pickaxes. Results of radiocarbon AMS dating indicate three stages of mine exploitation in the Bronze Age, correlating with the chronological sequence of regional cultures. The furnace was built during the Sintashta period (2100–1900 BC). The shaft mine and the adjacent dumps date to the Alakul period (1700–1500 BC). Features dating to the Final Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC) have yet to be identified. It has been demonstrated that the same mines were exploited by people associated with various archaeological cultures in the second millennium BC, implying that a metallurgical center functioned in the Trans-Urals over the entire Late Bronze Age. Given that indicators of metallurgy are quite rare at unfortified sites, and that the technology changed, it can be assumed that smelting and casting became more specialized during the Alakul period: certain operations were performed at mines and/or nearby settlements.","PeriodicalId":45750,"journal":{"name":"Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3000,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"4","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"From Ore to Metal:Exploitation of the Novotemirsky Mine, Southern Trans-Urals, in the Second Millennium BC\",\"authors\":\"P. Ankusheva, I. Alaeva, M. Ankushev, A. Fomichev, E. Zazovskaya, I. Blinov\",\"doi\":\"10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.030-038\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The Novotemirsky mine was the first in the Southeastern Urals to have large areas of the site uncovered. This has yielded new information on the technologies practiced by the first metallurgists in the region and on the evolution of these practices in the second millennium BC. Cultural layers revealed evidence of all stages of Bronze Age metal production. Mining is documented by pits of various forms and adjoining waste dumps. This is the first time that shaft mining has been discovered in the Bronze Age of the Southern Trans-Urals. Metal smelting is evidenced by a copper- smelting furnace with slag. Metal tools were cast in bivalve molds, of which one, made of chloritolite, was used for casting pickaxes. Results of radiocarbon AMS dating indicate three stages of mine exploitation in the Bronze Age, correlating with the chronological sequence of regional cultures. The furnace was built during the Sintashta period (2100–1900 BC). The shaft mine and the adjacent dumps date to the Alakul period (1700–1500 BC). Features dating to the Final Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC) have yet to be identified. It has been demonstrated that the same mines were exploited by people associated with various archaeological cultures in the second millennium BC, implying that a metallurgical center functioned in the Trans-Urals over the entire Late Bronze Age. Given that indicators of metallurgy are quite rare at unfortified sites, and that the technology changed, it can be assumed that smelting and casting became more specialized during the Alakul period: certain operations were performed at mines and/or nearby settlements.\",\"PeriodicalId\":45750,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2021-04-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"4\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.030-038\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"ANTHROPOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2021.49.1.030-038","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ANTHROPOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
From Ore to Metal:Exploitation of the Novotemirsky Mine, Southern Trans-Urals, in the Second Millennium BC
The Novotemirsky mine was the first in the Southeastern Urals to have large areas of the site uncovered. This has yielded new information on the technologies practiced by the first metallurgists in the region and on the evolution of these practices in the second millennium BC. Cultural layers revealed evidence of all stages of Bronze Age metal production. Mining is documented by pits of various forms and adjoining waste dumps. This is the first time that shaft mining has been discovered in the Bronze Age of the Southern Trans-Urals. Metal smelting is evidenced by a copper- smelting furnace with slag. Metal tools were cast in bivalve molds, of which one, made of chloritolite, was used for casting pickaxes. Results of radiocarbon AMS dating indicate three stages of mine exploitation in the Bronze Age, correlating with the chronological sequence of regional cultures. The furnace was built during the Sintashta period (2100–1900 BC). The shaft mine and the adjacent dumps date to the Alakul period (1700–1500 BC). Features dating to the Final Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC) have yet to be identified. It has been demonstrated that the same mines were exploited by people associated with various archaeological cultures in the second millennium BC, implying that a metallurgical center functioned in the Trans-Urals over the entire Late Bronze Age. Given that indicators of metallurgy are quite rare at unfortified sites, and that the technology changed, it can be assumed that smelting and casting became more specialized during the Alakul period: certain operations were performed at mines and/or nearby settlements.
期刊介绍:
This international journal analyzes and presents research relating to the archaeology, ethnology and anthropology of Eurasia and contiguous regions including the Pacific Rim and the Americas. The journal publishes papers and develops discussions on a wide range of research topics including: Quaternary geology; pleistocene and Holocene paleoecology ; methodology of archaeological, anthropological and ethnographical research, including field and laboratory study techniques; early human migrations; physical anthropology; paleopopulation genetics; prehistoric art; indigenous cultures and ethnocultural processes.