Recurrence risk of autoimmune thyroid and endocrine diseases

Background and objective

The recurrence risk ratio (λ) expresses the risk ratio of index patients’ first-degree relatives developing a disease as compared to the general population and is a quantitative measure of the genetic contribution to the disease. This paper offers the results of a specialized center as well as a review of the pertinent literature.

Methods

Data from 3315 consecutive subjects followed at an ORPHAN academic tertiary referral expert center for endocrine autoimmunity as well as 419 unrelated German families were collected. λ was assessed based on 806 well-documented subjects, 299 index patients with autoimmune glandular (AIGD) and non-endocrine diseases and 507 of their first-degree relatives (328 children, 179 siblings).

Results

As many as 36% of relatives of patients with autoimmune diseases (AID) were affected by various autoimmune conditions. Twenty-five percent and 23% of all relatives had an AIGD or an autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), respectively. Furthermore, 29% and 25% of relatives of index cases with polyglandular (PGA) and monoglandular (MGA) autoimmunity were affected. The recurrence risk for AITD was increased 16-fold in both children and siblings compared to the general population (λ, 95% CI 16, 11–21 and 16, 12–19, respectively). Furthermore, λ for AITD/AIGD was 21.62 (95% CI 14.17–30.69)/17.57 (11.80–24.36) and 13.48 (8.42–20.52)/10.68 (6.76–16.02) for siblings of patients with PGA and MGA, respectively. Overall, a strong genetic component for AITD and AIGD with a significant genetic impact on the development of PGA was demonstrated.

Conclusion

These novel results strongly recommend the screening for AITD and AIGD in children and siblings of index patients with AITD.