建筑环境对设计火灾的影响

Jonathan Wahlqvist, Patrick van Hees
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引用次数: 7

摘要

设计火灾通常被世界各地的消防工程师用来评估基于性能的设计,如果使用得当,它可以成为一个非常宝贵的工具。然而,一个潜在的大问题是,尽管某些建筑特征(如建筑材料)可能存在很大差异,但当局却建议在类似的建筑类型中使用完全相同的设计火灾。本文重点研究了建筑的几个关键特征(建筑材料、开口、房间面积大小和天花板高度)及其对设计火灾的影响。当使用良好或适度的绝缘材料时,设计火灾增长率和最大放热率在许多情况下显着增加,特别是如果房间通风良好,天花板高度相对较低,房间地板面积适中。然而,使用热薄材料(钢板)或具有大蓄热能力的材料(混凝土),在生长速率或最大放热速率上几乎没有变化。总之,建议在具有某些特征的建筑物中使用推荐的设计火灾时应采取预防措施,因为在这种情况下可能会高估安全性。
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Influence of the built environment on design fires

Design fires are often used to the evaluate performance based designs by fire protection engineers all over the world and can be an invaluable tool if used properly. One potential big issue however is the fact that the exact same design fire is recommended by authorities in similar building types despite the fact that some building characteristics, such as building material, can differ greatly. This paper focused on investigating several key characteristics of a building (building material, openings, room floor area size and ceiling height) and its effect on the design fire using computational fluid dynamics. When well to moderately insulating materials was used the design fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate was in many cases significantly increased, especially if the room was well ventilated, the ceiling height was relatively low and the room floor area was moderate. However, using thermally thin materials (steel sheet) or materials with large heat storing capacity (concrete) very little change was seen on the growth rate or maximum heat release rate. In conclusion it was recommended that one should take precaution when using recommended design fires in buildings with certain characteristics since it potentially can overestimate the safety in such case.

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