Evolution of vegetation of the Lake Khanka Depression in the southernmost of the Russian Far East in the Holocene

This paper presents recently obtained palynological results regarding to the evolution of vegetation of the Khanka Depression in the Holocene. Radiocarbon-dated pollen records evidence that the evolution of vegetation in this area was more complicated than one has previously thought. As a result of a rapid increase in heat supply in the Early Holocene, the plants of the Manchurian flora, primarily Ulmus davidiana, Ulmus laciniata, Quercus mongolica, and Pinus koraiensis, began to expand to the Khanka Depression. However, Sphagnum mires with Betula grandulosa, Betula pubescens, and sparse forests of Larix, still remained in plains and valleys. Picea jezoensis, Pinus pumila, Betula grandulosa, Betula alnobetula, Betula pubescens, Pinus pumila and Larix were widespread in the mountains. During the Middle Holocene these cold-tolerant plants of the north-boreal flora, completely disappeared. Broad-leaved and fir-pine forests have become widespread. The vegetation of the Khanka Depression compared with modern one was characterized by great diversity of broad-leaved plants. At the beginning of the Late Holocene cooling has caused the expansion of Betula grandulosa, Betula alnobetula, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Betula pubescens, Betula costata, and Alnus hirsuta. The areas of forb meadows expanded on the plains. Larch sparse forests, thickets with domination of Betula grandulosa and Sphagnum mires reappeared. However, some thermophilic plants, such as Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Quercus mongolica, Juglans mandshurica, Ulmus davidiana, and Ulmus laciniata have survived. Since 1 300 cal BP, vegetation of the Khanka Depression began to degrade due to fires, plowing of the land, and deforestation.