毒品过量流行中的增效合成物:费城和提华纳的赛拉嗪("Tranq")、芬太尼、甲基苯丙胺以及海洛因的替代品。

Q3 Social Sciences Journal of illicit economies and development Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-02 DOI:10.31389/jied.122
Fernando Montero, Philippe Bourgois, Joseph Friedman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自 2010 年代初以来,多种转变--在近期一系列公共卫生和执法出版物中被称为 "浪潮"--使得北美毒品市场的毒性日益增加。药效极强的合成镇静剂和兴奋剂的问世,使新一代毒品注射者开始同时使用阿片类药物和甲基苯丙胺,从而使致命的过量吸毒和传染病的发病率急剧上升。通过对费城(2007 年至今)和蒂华纳(2018 年至今)进行广泛的参与观察研究,我们记录了这两个北美城市街头毒品使用者的经历,重点关注麻醉品供应和终端使用者偏好的区域性变化。我们将芬太尼、甲基苯丙胺、恶嗪和墨西哥白粉海洛因的急剧扩散与以下因素联系起来:1)北美次大陆西海岸和东海岸预先存在的毒品供应网络;2)芬太尼之前鸦片剂市场上当地海洛因供应的物质特征(墨西哥黑焦油与哥伦比亚白粉海洛因);3)墨西哥-美国边境两侧对毒品销售者和使用者的种族化压制/监禁。文章结合经济人类学和医学人类学,针对美国东北部铁锈地带和以提华纳为中心的墨西哥西北部边境地区大都会区吸毒过量死亡率最高的街头毒品使用者所面临的紧迫公共卫生挑战,提出了一种以人种学为基础的政治经济学方法。该研究强调了街头吸毒者在快速变化的毒品供应链中的实时体验,将市场驱动的逐利逻辑与禁毒战争的禁药政策背景联系起来,突出强调了对各地区弱势群体日益严重的毒害影响。
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Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana.

Multiple transformations-referred to as "waves" in a panoply of recent public health and law enforcement publications-have rendered North American drug markets increasingly toxic since the early 2010s. The introduction of exceptionally potent synthetic sedatives and stimulants is initiating a new generation of drug injectors into co-use of opioids and methamphetamine, catapulting rates of deadly overdoses and infectious diseases. Drawing on extensive participant-observation research in Philadelphia (2007-present) and Tijuana (2018-present), we document the experience of street-based drug users across these two North American cities to focus on regional shifts in narcotics supplies and endpoint user preferences. We link the dramatic proliferation of fentanyl, methamphetamine, xylazine, and Mexican white powder heroin to: 1) pre-existing drug supply networks on the western and eastern coasts of the North American subcontinent; 2) material characteristics of local heroin supplies in pre-fentanyl opiate markets (Mexican black tar vs. Colombian off-white powder heroin); and 3) racialized repression/incarceration of drug sellers and users on both sides of the Mexico-US border. The article combines economic and medical anthropology to develop an ethnographically-informed political economy approach to an urgent public health challenge among street-based drug users with the highest overdose mortality rates in the US Northeastern Rust Belt and the Northwestern Mexican borderland metroplex anchored by Tijuana. It foregrounds street users' experiences in real time amidst rapidly shifting narcotics supply chains, linking market-driven logics of profit-seeking to the war on drugs' prohibitionist policy context, highlighting increasing toxic impacts on vulnerable sectors across regions.

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