Spectrum of white matter abnormalities associated with FOXC1-related disorders in two unrelated cases

The purpose of this study is to document the wide spectrum of white matter abnormalities associated with FOXC1 pathogenic variants. We report two adult individuals—a 60-year-old individual and a 24-year-old one, presenting with hearing loss, anterior eye segment dysgenesis, and very different severity of cerebral small vessel disease. Molecular testing documented the presence of FOXC1 pathogenic variants in both individuals. Our paper documents the broad spectrum of radiological white matter involvement in adult individuals with FOXC1-related disorders. Mild forms of FOXC1-related small vessel disease, as we observed in individual 2, should be included in the list of genetic mimickers of MS.