Juan A Martín, Jorge Domínguez, Alejandro Solla, Clive M Brasier, Joan F Webber, Alberto Santini, Clara Martínez-Arias, Louis Bernier, Luis Gil
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Here we discuss complexities in the DED 'system' that can lead to unintended consequences during elm breeding and some of the wider options for obtaining durability or 'field resistance' in released material, including (1) the phenotypic plasticity of disease levels in resistant cultivars infected by <i>O. novo-ulmi</i>; (2) shortcomings in test methods when selecting for resistance; (3) the implications of rapid evolutionary changes in current <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> populations for the choice of pathogen inoculum when screening; (4) the possibility of using active resistance to the pathogen in the beetle feeding wound, and low attractiveness of elm cultivars to feeding beetles, in addition to resistance in the xylem; (5) the risk that genes from susceptible and exotic elms be introgressed into resistant cultivars; (6) risks posed by unintentional changes in the host microbiome; and (7) the biosecurity risks posed by resistant elm deployment. In addition, attention needs to be paid to the disease pressures within which resistant elms will be released. In the future, biotechnology may further enhance our understanding of the various resistance processes in elms and our potential to deploy trees with highly durable resistance in elm restoration. Hopefully the different elm resistance processes will prove to be largely under durable, additive, multigenic control. 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Here we discuss complexities in the DED 'system' that can lead to unintended consequences during elm breeding and some of the wider options for obtaining durability or 'field resistance' in released material, including (1) the phenotypic plasticity of disease levels in resistant cultivars infected by <i>O. novo-ulmi</i>; (2) shortcomings in test methods when selecting for resistance; (3) the implications of rapid evolutionary changes in current <i>O. novo-ulmi</i> populations for the choice of pathogen inoculum when screening; (4) the possibility of using active resistance to the pathogen in the beetle feeding wound, and low attractiveness of elm cultivars to feeding beetles, in addition to resistance in the xylem; (5) the risk that genes from susceptible and exotic elms be introgressed into resistant cultivars; (6) risks posed by unintentional changes in the host microbiome; and (7) the biosecurity risks posed by resistant elm deployment. 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引用次数: 18
摘要
荷兰榆树病(DED)是一种由病原体Ophiostoma ulmi和Ophiostama novo ulmi引起的枯萎病,具有多个生态阶段,包括病原(木质部)、腐生(树皮)和媒介(甲虫飞行和甲虫取食伤口)阶段。由于20世纪的两次DED流行病,榆树在景观和森林恢复中的使用大幅减少。然而,欧洲和北美正在进行新的榆树育种和恢复计划。在这里,我们讨论了DED“系统”的复杂性,这些复杂性可能会在榆树育种过程中导致意想不到的后果,以及在释放的材料中获得耐久性或“田间抗性”的一些更广泛的选择,包括(1)感染O.novo ulmi的抗性品种中疾病水平的表型可塑性;(2) 选择电阻时测试方法的缺陷;(3) 在筛选病原体接种物时,当前新奥密克戎种群的快速进化变化对病原体接种物选择的影响;(4) 在甲虫取食伤口中使用对病原体的主动抗性的可能性,以及除了木质部中的抗性之外,榆树品种对取食甲虫的吸引力低;(5) 易感和外来榆树的基因渗入抗性品种的风险;(6) 宿主微生物组意外变化带来的风险;以及(7)抗药性elm部署带来的生物安全风险。此外,还需要注意抗性榆树释放的疾病压力。未来,生物技术可能会进一步增强我们对榆树的各种抗性过程的理解,以及我们在榆树恢复中部署具有高度持久抗性的树木的潜力。希望不同的榆树抗性过程将在很大程度上被证明是在持久的、可添加的、多基因的控制下进行的。榆树育种计划无法参与某些农业寄主病原体系统特有的寄主病原体军备竞赛。
Complexities underlying the breeding and deployment of Dutch elm disease resistant elms.
Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease caused by the pathogens Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi with multiple ecological phases including pathogenic (xylem), saprotrophic (bark) and vector (beetle flight and beetle feeding wound) phases. Due to the two DED pandemics during the twentieth century the use of elms in landscape and forest restoration has declined significantly. However new initiatives for elm breeding and restoration are now underway in Europe and North America. Here we discuss complexities in the DED 'system' that can lead to unintended consequences during elm breeding and some of the wider options for obtaining durability or 'field resistance' in released material, including (1) the phenotypic plasticity of disease levels in resistant cultivars infected by O. novo-ulmi; (2) shortcomings in test methods when selecting for resistance; (3) the implications of rapid evolutionary changes in current O. novo-ulmi populations for the choice of pathogen inoculum when screening; (4) the possibility of using active resistance to the pathogen in the beetle feeding wound, and low attractiveness of elm cultivars to feeding beetles, in addition to resistance in the xylem; (5) the risk that genes from susceptible and exotic elms be introgressed into resistant cultivars; (6) risks posed by unintentional changes in the host microbiome; and (7) the biosecurity risks posed by resistant elm deployment. In addition, attention needs to be paid to the disease pressures within which resistant elms will be released. In the future, biotechnology may further enhance our understanding of the various resistance processes in elms and our potential to deploy trees with highly durable resistance in elm restoration. Hopefully the different elm resistance processes will prove to be largely under durable, additive, multigenic control. Elm breeding programmes cannot afford to get into the host-pathogen arms races that characterise some agricultural host-pathogen systems.
期刊介绍:
New Forests publishes original papers on the fundamental and applied aspects of afforestation and reforestation for a broad international audience of scientists and practitioners. Journal articles concern the reproduction of trees and forests originating from seed, planted seedlings or coppice for the purposes of resource protection, timber production, and agro-forestry. Natural and artificial methods of regeneration and all stand structures from even-aged to uneven-aged are considered. Topics include general silviculture, plant physiology, genetics, biotechnology, ecology, economics, protection, and management of all stages in the process of afforestation and reforestation.