Territorial vocalization patterns of captive Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica) in the middle of winter at high latitude.

Wild lions, especially the males, spend much of their time performing various territorial advertising behaviors, the most obvious of which are loud vocalizations that can be heard several kilometers away. This study investigated whether a captive pride of three Asiatic lions at Fota Wildlife Park in Ireland exhibited typical patterns of territorial vocalizations and associated behaviors. A total of 705 bouts of territorial vocalization were noted over 1 month of near-continuous audio recording in the middle of winter in 2020. Also, complementary visual observations were performed during regular daytime visits to collect audio data and maintain recording equipment. These captive lions exhibited generally similar territorial urine spraying, scent rubbing and vocalization behaviors to their wild counterparts but differed in that they primarily vocalized during daylight hours, including afternoons and late mornings. While most roaring occurred during the day there was also a brief peak just before dawn, between 07:00 and 08:00, and another after dusk, between 17:00 and 18:00. Vocalization activity tailed off after 22:00 and became infrequent over the remaining hours of darkness. Although this contrasts starkly with the predominantly nocturnal activity patterns of wild lions, it is consistent with some reports from some other captive settings. Although the underlying reasons for this habit of roaring throughout the day remain unclear, it is fortuitous because the spectacular territorial vocalizations of these captive lions enrich visitor experiences and may hopefully stimulate interest in travel to the low and middle-income countries where tourist income is essential to sustain the conservation areas they and many other species depend on.