Immunosuppression in HIV-positive kidney transplant recipients.

Purpose of study: The purpose of this review is to provide the current state of immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) with HIV and to discuss practical dilemmas to better understand and manage these patients.

Recent findings: Certain studies find higher rates of rejection, which raises the need to critically assess the approach to immunosuppression management in HIV-positive KTR. Induction immunosuppression is guided by transplant center-level preference rather than by the individual patient characteristics. Earlier recommendations expressed concerns about the use of induction immunosuppression, especially utilizing lymphocyte-depleting agents; however, updated guidelines based on newer data recommend that induction can be used in HIV-positive KTR, and the choice of agent be made according to immunological risk. Likewise, most studies point out success with using first-line maintenance immunosuppression including tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids. In selected patients, belatacept appears to be a promising alternative to calcineurin inhibitors with some well established advantages. Early discontinuation of steroids in this population carries a high risk of rejection and should be avoided.

Summary: Immunosuppression management in HIV-positive KTR is complex and challenging, mainly because of the difficulty of maintaining a proper balance between rejection and infection. Interpretation and understanding of the current data towards a personalized approach of immunosuppression could improve management in HIV-positive KTR.