Tire-rubber related pollutant 6-PPD quinone: A review of its transformation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and toxicity.

IF 12.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL Journal of Hazardous Materials Pub Date : 2023-10-05 Epub Date: 2023-08-15 DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132265

Xin Hua, Dayong Wang

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Abstract

The antioxidant 6-PPD has been widely used to prevent cracking and thermal oxidative degradation and to extend the service life of tire rubber. 6-PPD quinone (6-PPDQ) is formed via the reaction of 6-PPD with O₃. Due to its acute lethality in coho salmon, 6-PPDQ has become an emerging pollutant of increasing concern. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the generation, environmental distribution, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of 6-PPDQ. The transformation pathways from 6-PPD to 6-PPDQ include the N-1,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl quinone diamine (QDI), intermediate phenol, and semiquinone radical pathways. 6-PPDQ has been frequently detected in water, dust, air particles, soil, and sediments, indicating its large-scale and potentially global pollution trend. 6-PPDQ is bioavailable to both aquatic animals and mammals and acute exposure to 6-PPDQ can be lethal to some organisms. Exposure to 6-PPDQ at environmentally relevant concentrations could induce several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity, intestinal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. This review also identifies and discusses knowledge gaps and research needs for the study of 6-PPDQ. This review facilitates a better understanding of the environmental occurrence and exposure risk of 6-PPDQ.

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轮胎橡胶相关污染物6-PPD醌的转化、环境分布、生物利用度和毒性研究进展

抗氧化剂6-PPD已被广泛用于防止开裂和热氧化降解，并延长轮胎橡胶的使用寿命。6-PPD醌（6-PPDQ）是通过6-PPD与O3的反应形成的。由于6-PPDQ对鲑鱼的急性致死性，它已成为一种日益引起关注的新污染物。在这篇综述中，我们对6-PPDQ的产生、环境分布、生物利用度和潜在毒性进行了综述。从6-PPD到6-PPDQ的转化途径包括N-1,3-二甲基丁基-N-苯醌二胺（QDI）、中间体苯酚和半醌自由基途径。6-PPDQ在水、灰尘、空气颗粒、土壤和沉积物中经常被检测到，表明其大规模且潜在的全球污染趋势。6-PPDQ对水生动物和哺乳动物都是生物可利用的，急性暴露于6-PPDQs对某些生物体可能是致命的。暴露于环境相关浓度的6-PPDQ可能引发几种类型的毒性，包括神经毒性、肠道毒性和生殖毒性。本综述还确定并讨论了6-PPDQ研究的知识差距和研究需求。这篇综述有助于更好地了解6-PPDQ的环境发生和暴露风险。

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来源期刊

Journal of Hazardous Materials 工程技术-工程：环境

CiteScore

25.40

自引率

5.90%

发文量

3059

审稿时长

58 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Hazardous Materials serves as a global platform for promoting cutting-edge research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Our publication features a wide range of articles, including full-length research papers, review articles, and perspectives, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the dangers and risks associated with various materials concerning public health and the environment. It is important to note that the term "environmental contaminants" refers specifically to substances that pose hazardous effects through contamination, while excluding those that do not have such impacts on the environment or human health. Moreover, we emphasize the distinction between wastes and hazardous materials in order to provide further clarity on the scope of the journal. We have a keen interest in exploring specific compounds and microbial agents that have adverse effects on the environment.