Muscles or Movements? Representation in the Nascent Brain Sciences.

IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q4 BIOLOGY Journal of the History of Biology Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI:10.1007/s10739-023-09703-1
Zina B Ward
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Abstract

The idea that the brain is a representational organ has roots in the nineteenth century, when neurologists began drawing conclusions about what the brain represents from clinical and experimental studies. One of the earliest controversies surrounding representation in the brain was the "muscles versus movements" debate, which concerned whether the motor cortex represents complex movements or rather fractional components of movement. Prominent thinkers weighed in on each side: neurologists John Hughlings Jackson and F.M.R. Walshe in favor of complex movements, neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington and neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield in favor of movement components. This essay examines these and other brain scientists' evolving notions of representation during the first eighty years of the muscles versus movements debate (c. 1873-1954). Although participants agreed about many of the superficial features of representation, their inferences reveal deep-seated disagreements about its inferential role. Divergent epistemological commitments stoked conflicting conceptions of what representational attributions imply and what evidence supports them.

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肌肉还是运动?新生脑科学中的代表性。
大脑是一个代表性器官的观点起源于19世纪,当时神经学家开始从临床和实验研究中得出关于大脑代表什么的结论。关于大脑表征的最早争议之一是“肌肉与运动”的争论,它涉及到运动皮层是代表复杂的运动还是运动的一小部分。著名的思想家们对两种观点都进行了权衡:神经学家约翰·休林斯·杰克逊和F.M.R.沃尔什支持复杂运动,神经生理学家查尔斯·谢林顿和神经外科医生怀尔德·彭菲尔德支持运动成分。本文考察了这些和其他脑科学家在肌肉与运动之争的前80年(约1873-1954年)中不断演变的表征概念。尽管参与者同意表征的许多表面特征,但他们的推论揭示了对表征的推论作用的根深蒂固的分歧。不同的认识论承诺引发了关于表征归因意味着什么以及有什么证据支持表征归因的相互矛盾的概念。
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来源期刊
Journal of the History of Biology
Journal of the History of Biology 生物-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
12.50%
发文量
29
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of the History of Biology is devoted to the history of the life sciences, with additional interest and concern in philosophical and social issues confronting biology in its varying historical contexts. While all historical epochs are welcome, particular attention has been paid in recent years to developments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. JHB is a recognized forum for scholarship on Darwin, but pieces that connect Darwinism with broader social and intellectual issues in the life sciences are especially encouraged. The journal serves both the working biologist who needs a full understanding of the historical and philosophical bases of the field and the historian of biology interested in following developments and making historiographical connections with the history of science.
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