Identifying risk factors for predominant negative symptoms from early stages in schizophrenia: A longitudinal and sex-specific study in first-episode schizophrenia patients

Abstract

Background

People with schizophrenia and predominant negative symptoms (PNS) present a different clinical and functional profile from those without such symptomatology. Few studies have examined the risk factors and the incidence of PNS in first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) and differentiating by sex. This study aims to assess prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics related to PNS from early stages and to study if there are sex-specific features in terms of developing PNS.

Methods

In a sample of 121 FES patients derived from a multicentre and naturalistic study, those who developed PNS at 12-months were identified. Environmental, clinical, functional, and cognitive ratings were examined longitudinally. Binary logistic regressions were applied to detect baseline risk factors for developing PNS at one-year follow-up.

Results

In the present FES cohort, 24.8% of the patients (n = 30) developed PNS (20% of the women, 27.6% of the men). Compared to non-PNS (75.2%, n = 91), at baseline, PNS group had more negative (t = −6.347; p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms (t = −5.026; p < 0.001), poorer premorbid adjustment (t = −2.791; p = 0.006) and functional outcome (t = −2.649; p < 0.001), more amotivation (t = −7.333; p < 0.001), more expressivity alterations (t = −4.417; p < 0.001), worse cognitive reserve (t = 2.581; p < 0.011), a lower estimated intelligent quotient (t = 2.417; p = 0.017), worse verbal memory (t = 2.608; p = 0.011), and worse fluency (t = 2.614; p = 0.010). Regressions showed that the premorbid adjustment was the main predictor of PNS in females (p = 0.007; Exp(B) = 1.106) while in males were a worse verbal memory performance (p = 0.031; Exp(B) = 0.989) and more alterations in the motivation domain (p = 0.001; Exp(B) = 1.607).

Conclusions

A different baseline clinical profile and notable risk factors differences in the development of PNS between males and females were found. Results suggest that sex may be an important confounder in studies comparing schizophrenia patients with predominant and non-predominant negative symptomatology.