Felipe Penagos-Tabares, Mubarik Mahmood, Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Amjad Talha, Muhammad Sajid, Kanwal Rafique, Saima Naveed, Johannes Faas, Juan Ignacio Artavia, Michael Sulyok, Anneliese Müller, Rudolf Krska, Qendrim Zebeli
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
After India and the USA, Pakistan is the third country leading in global dairy production, a sector of very high socioeconomic relevance in Asia. Mycotoxins can affect animal health, reproduction and productivity. This study analysed a broad range of co-occurring mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites derived from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and other fungal species. To complete this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 96 of > 500 tested secondary fungal metabolites. This first preliminary study demonstrated that total mixed rations (TMRs) (n = 30) from big commercial dairy cattle farms (> 200 lactating cows) in Punjab, Pakistan, presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins. The mean of mycotoxins per sample was 14, ranging from 11 to 20 mycotoxins among all TMR samples. Metabolites derived from other fungi and Fusarium spp. showed the highest levels, frequency and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Among the most prevalent mycotoxins were Fusarium toxins like fumonisins B1 (FB1) (93%), B2 (FB2) (100%) and B3 (FB3) (77%) and others. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evidenced in 40% of the samples, and 7% exceeded the EU maximum limit for feeding dairy cattle (5 µg/kg at 88% dry matter). No other mycotoxin exceeds the EU guidance values (GVs). Additionally, we found that dietary ingredients like corn grain, soybean meal and canola meal were related to increased contamination of some mycotoxins (like FB1, FB2 and FB3) in TMR from the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Among typical forage sources, the content of maize silage was ubiquitous. Individually, the detected mycotoxins represented relatively low levels. However, under a realistic scenario, long-term exposure to multiple mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites can exert unpredictable effects on animal health, reproduction and productivity. Except for ergot alkaloids (73%), all the groups of metabolites (i.e. derived from Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and other fungi) occurred in 100% of the TMR samples. At individual levels, no other mycotoxins than AFB1 represented a considerable risk; however, the high levels of co-occurrence with several mycotoxins/metabolites suggest that long-term exposure should be considered because of their potential toxicological interactions (additive or synergistic effects).
期刊介绍:
Mycotoxin Research, the official publication of the Society for Mycotoxin Research, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal dealing with all aspects related to toxic fungal metabolites. The journal publishes original research articles and reviews in all areas dealing with mycotoxins. As an interdisciplinary platform, Mycotoxin Research welcomes submission of scientific contributions in the following research fields:
- Ecology and genetics of mycotoxin formation
- Mode of action of mycotoxins, metabolism and toxicology
- Agricultural production and mycotoxins
- Human and animal health aspects, including exposure studies and risk assessment
- Food and feed safety, including occurrence, prevention, regulatory aspects, and control of mycotoxins
- Environmental safety and technology-related aspects of mycotoxins
- Chemistry, synthesis and analysis.