Co-occurrence of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in total mixed rations of cows from dairy farms in Punjab, Pakistan.

IF 2.6 4区 医学 Q2 MYCOLOGY Mycotoxin Research Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-04 DOI:10.1007/s12550-023-00502-5
Felipe Penagos-Tabares, Mubarik Mahmood, Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Amjad Talha, Muhammad Sajid, Kanwal Rafique, Saima Naveed, Johannes Faas, Juan Ignacio Artavia, Michael Sulyok, Anneliese Müller, Rudolf Krska, Qendrim Zebeli
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Abstract

After India and the USA, Pakistan is the third country leading in global dairy production, a sector of very high socioeconomic relevance in Asia. Mycotoxins can affect animal health, reproduction and productivity. This study analysed a broad range of co-occurring mycotoxins and fungal secondary metabolites derived from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and other fungal species. To complete this, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was employed, detecting 96 of > 500 tested secondary fungal metabolites. This first preliminary study demonstrated that total mixed rations (TMRs) (n = 30) from big commercial dairy cattle farms (> 200 lactating cows) in Punjab, Pakistan, presented ubiquitous contamination with mixtures of mycotoxins. The mean of mycotoxins per sample was 14, ranging from 11 to 20 mycotoxins among all TMR samples. Metabolites derived from other fungi and Fusarium spp. showed the highest levels, frequency and diversity among the detected fungal compounds. Among the most prevalent mycotoxins were Fusarium toxins like fumonisins B1 (FB1) (93%), B2 (FB2) (100%) and B3 (FB3) (77%) and others. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was evidenced in 40% of the samples, and 7% exceeded the EU maximum limit for feeding dairy cattle (5 µg/kg at 88% dry matter). No other mycotoxin exceeds the EU guidance values (GVs). Additionally, we found that dietary ingredients like corn grain, soybean meal and canola meal were related to increased contamination of some mycotoxins (like FB1, FB2 and FB3) in TMR from the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Among typical forage sources, the content of maize silage was ubiquitous. Individually, the detected mycotoxins represented relatively low levels. However, under a realistic scenario, long-term exposure to multiple mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites can exert unpredictable effects on animal health, reproduction and productivity. Except for ergot alkaloids (73%), all the groups of metabolites (i.e. derived from Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and other fungi) occurred in 100% of the TMR samples. At individual levels, no other mycotoxins than AFB1 represented a considerable risk; however, the high levels of co-occurrence with several mycotoxins/metabolites suggest that long-term exposure should be considered because of their potential toxicological interactions (additive or synergistic effects).

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真菌毒素和其他真菌代谢物在巴基斯坦旁遮普省奶牛场总混合口粮中共同出现。
继印度和美国之后,巴基斯坦是全球乳制品生产的第三大国,这一行业在亚洲具有非常高的社会经济相关性。真菌毒素会影响动物的健康、繁殖和生产力。本研究分析了链格孢属、曲霉属、镰刀菌属、青霉属和其他真菌物种中广泛共存的真菌毒素和真菌次级代谢产物。为了完成这一点,采用了经验证的多代谢物液相色谱/电喷雾电离串联质谱(LC/ESI-MS/MS)方法,检测了96 > 500种测试的次生真菌代谢产物。第一项初步研究表明,总混合口粮(TMRs)(n = 30)来自大型商业奶牛场(> 巴基斯坦旁遮普邦的200头泌乳奶牛)普遍受到真菌毒素混合物的污染。每个样品的真菌毒素平均值为14,在所有TMR样品中为11至20种真菌毒素。来自其他真菌和镰刀菌属的代谢产物在检测到的真菌化合物中表现出最高的水平、频率和多样性。最常见的真菌毒素是镰刀菌毒素,如伏马菌素B1(FB1)(93%)、B2(FB2)(100%)和B3(FB3)(77%)等。40%的样本中发现了黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),7%的样本超过了欧盟喂养奶牛的最高限值(88%干物质时为5µg/kg)。没有其他真菌毒素超过欧盟指导值(GVs)。此外,我们发现玉米粒、豆粕和油菜籽粕等膳食成分与巴基斯坦旁遮普省TMR中某些真菌毒素(如FB1、FB2和FB3)的污染增加有关。在典型的饲料来源中,玉米青贮饲料的含量普遍存在。就个体而言,检测到的真菌毒素水平相对较低。然而,在现实情况下,长期暴露于多种真菌毒素和其他真菌次生代谢产物可能会对动物健康、繁殖和生产力产生不可预测的影响。除麦角生物碱(73%)外,所有代谢产物(即来源于链格孢属、曲霉属、镰刀菌属、青霉属和其他真菌)均出现在100%的TMR样品中。在个体水平上,除AFB1外,没有其他真菌毒素代表相当大的风险;然而,与几种真菌毒素/代谢产物的高水平共存表明,应考虑长期暴露,因为它们具有潜在的毒理学相互作用(相加或协同作用)。
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来源期刊
Mycotoxin Research
Mycotoxin Research MYCOLOGYTOXICOLOGY-TOXICOLOGY
CiteScore
6.40
自引率
6.70%
发文量
29
期刊介绍: Mycotoxin Research, the official publication of the Society for Mycotoxin Research, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal dealing with all aspects related to toxic fungal metabolites. The journal publishes original research articles and reviews in all areas dealing with mycotoxins. As an interdisciplinary platform, Mycotoxin Research welcomes submission of scientific contributions in the following research fields: - Ecology and genetics of mycotoxin formation - Mode of action of mycotoxins, metabolism and toxicology - Agricultural production and mycotoxins - Human and animal health aspects, including exposure studies and risk assessment - Food and feed safety, including occurrence, prevention, regulatory aspects, and control of mycotoxins - Environmental safety and technology-related aspects of mycotoxins - Chemistry, synthesis and analysis.
期刊最新文献
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