Structural and Functional Diversity of the Peroxiredoxin 6 Enzyme Family.

Abstract

Significance: Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) with a single peroxidative cysteine (C_P) in a conserved motif PXXX(T/S)XXC_P within its thioredoxin fold, have been classified as the peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6 ) family. All Prdxs can reduce H₂O₂ and short chain hydroperoxides while Prdx6 in addition, can reduce phospholipid hydroperoxides (PLOOH) due to its ability to interact with peroxidized phospholipid substrate. The single C_P of Prdx6 uses various external electron donors including glutathione thioredoxin, and ascorbic acid for resolution of its peroxidized state and, therefore, its peroxidase activity. Prdx6 proteins also exhibit Ca²⁺-independent phospholipase A2 (PLA2), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), and chaperone activities that depend on cellular localization and the oxidation and oligomerisation states of the protein. Thus, Prdx6 is a "moonlighting" enzyme. Recent Advance: Physiologically, Prdx6s have been reported to play an important role in protection against oxidative stress, repair of peroxidized cell membranes, mammalian lung surfactant turnover, activation of some NADPH oxidases, the regulation of seed germination in plants, as an indicator of cellular levels of reactive O₂ species through Nrf-Klf9 activation, and possibly in male fertility, regulation of cell death through ferroptosis, cancer metastasis, and oxidative stress-related signalling pathways. Critical Issues: This review outlines Prdx6 enzyme unique structural features and explores its wide range of physiological functions. Yet, existing structural data falls short of fully revealing all of human Prdx6 multifunctional roles. Further endeavour is required to bridge this gap in its understanding. Although there are wide variations in both the structure and function of Prdx6 family members in various organisms, all Prdx6 proteins show the unique a long C-terminal extension that is also seen in Prdx1, but not in other Prdxs. Future Directions: As research data continues to accumulate, the potential for detailed insights into the role of C-terminal of Prdx6 in its oligomerisation and activities. There is a need for thorough exploration of structural characteristics of the various biological functions. Additionally, uncovering the interacting partners of Prdx6 and understanding its involvement in signalling pathways will significantly contribute to a more profound comprehension of its role.