Extracellular vesicles in obesity and its associated inflammation.

IF 4.3 4区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY International Reviews of Immunology Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI:10.1080/08830185.2021.1964497
Vijay Kumar, Sonia Kiran, Santosh Kumar, Udai P Singh
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引用次数: 10

Abstract

Obesity is characterized by low-grade, chronic inflammation, which promotes insulin resistance and diabetes. Obesity can lead to the development and progression of many autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid autoimmunity, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). These diseases result from an alteration of self-tolerance by promoting pro-inflammatory immune response by lowering numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs), increasing Th1 and Th17 immune responses, and inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, understanding the immunological changes that lead to this low-grade inflammatory milieu becomes crucial for the development of therapies that suppress the risk of autoimmune diseases and other immunological conditions. Cells generate extracellular vesicles (EVs) to eliminate cellular waste as well as communicating the adjacent and distant cells through exchanging the components (genetic material [DNA or RNA], lipids, and proteins) between them. Immune cells and adipocytes from individuals with obesity and a high basal metabolic index (BMI) produce also release exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles (MVs), which are collectively called EVs. These EVs play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases. The current review discusses the immunological dysregulation that leads to inflammation, inflammatory diseases associated with obesity, and the role played by EXOs and MVs in the induction and progression of this devastating conditi8on.

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肥胖的细胞外囊泡及其相关炎症。
肥胖的特点是轻度慢性炎症,它会促进胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病。肥胖可导致许多自身免疫性疾病的发生和发展,包括炎症性肠病、牛皮癣、银屑病关节炎、类风湿关节炎、甲状腺自身免疫和1型糖尿病(T1DM)。这些疾病是由于自我耐受性的改变,通过降低调节性T细胞(Tregs)数量、增加Th1和Th17免疫反应以及炎症细胞因子的产生来促进促炎免疫反应。因此,了解导致这种低级别炎症环境的免疫变化对于开发抑制自身免疫性疾病和其他免疫疾病风险的治疗方法至关重要。细胞产生细胞外囊泡(EVs)来消除细胞废物,并通过交换成分(遗传物质[DNA或RNA],脂质和蛋白质)与邻近和远处的细胞进行通信。来自肥胖和高基础代谢指数(BMI)个体的免疫细胞和脂肪细胞也会产生释放外泌体(exo)和微囊泡(mv),它们统称为ev。这些ev在自身免疫性疾病的发展中起着至关重要的作用。目前的综述讨论了导致炎症的免疫失调,与肥胖相关的炎症性疾病,以及exo和mv在这种破坏性疾病的诱导和进展中所起的作用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
4.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: This review journal provides the most current information on basic and translational research in immunology and related fields. In addition to invited reviews, the journal accepts for publication articles and editorials on relevant topics proposed by contributors. Each issue of International Reviews of Immunology contains both solicited and unsolicited review articles, editorials, and ''In-this-Issue'' highlights. The journal also hosts reviews that position the authors'' original work relative to advances in a given field, bridging the gap between annual reviews and the original research articles. This review series is relevant to all immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, translational scientists, industry researchers, and physicians who work in basic and clinical immunology, inflammatory and allergic diseases, vaccines, and additional topics relevant to medical research and drug development that connect immunology to disciplines such as oncology, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Covered in International Reviews of Immunology: Basic and developmental immunology (innate and adaptive immunity; inflammation; and tumor and microbial immunology); Clinical research (mechanisms of disease in man pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, oncology / immunology); and Translational research (relevant to biomarkers, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug development).
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