{"title":"대북 경제제재와 북한무역 - 2000년대 일본 대북제재의 영향력 추정. (Economic Sanction and DPRK Trade - Estimating the Impact of Japan's Sanction in the 2000s)","authors":"Suk Lee","doi":"10.23895/KDIJEP.2010.32.2.93","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 이 글은 2000년대 일본의 대북제재가 북한의 대외거래에 미친 효과를 측정한다. 이를 위해 우리는 대북제재의 경제적 효과를 개념화하는 것으로부터 시작하여, 현존하는 북한무역통계를 토대로 일본 대북제재의 효과가 존재하는지 유무를 검증하고, 마지막으로는 현존하는 통계를 합리적으로 재구성함으로써 일본의 제재 효과를 계량적으로 측정한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 우리가 도달한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국제사회의 경제제재는 북한의 무역에 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과라는 두 가지의 영향을 미친다. 전자는 제재 당사국 과 북한의 무역이 줄어드는 것을 의미하며, 후자는 이에 따라 북한과 여타 국가 사이의 무역도 영향을 받는 것을 말한다. 둘째, 이러한 제재의 효과를 분석하기 위해서는 북한무역에 대한 정밀한 통계자료의 입수가 필수적이지만, 현존하는 북한의 무역통계는 모두 특정 국가와 북한의 거래를 잘못 보고하거나, 또는 북한의 실제 거래 국가를 누락하는 등 일정한 결함을 내포하고 있다. 셋째, 이러한 통계의 결함을 감안한 상태에서 이를 우회하는 방식으로 분석을 진행해 보면, 일본의 대북제재는 뚜렷한 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과를 동시에 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 일본의 제재로 북일무역은 줄어들지만, 북한은 이를 여타 국가와의 거래확대로 중화시킨다는 뜻이다. 다만, 이러한 제3국 효과는 북한의 수출과 수입에 있어 다르게 나타난다. 수출의 경우에는 한국과 중국, 태국 등 북한의 주요 거래상대국들에서 모두 정( )의 제3국 효과가 존재하지만, 북한의 수입에 있어서는 한국이나 심지어 중국에 있어서도 제3국 효과의 통계적 유의미성이 부정되는 것이다. 넷째, 일본의 제재 효과를 계수적으로 측정하기 위해서는 현존하는 북한무역통계를 보다 정밀하게 재구성해야만 하는데, 이러한 재구성은 북한의 수입에 있어서는 불가능하지만 수출에 있어서는 가능하다. 이렇게 재구성된 데이터를 토대로 추정하면, 2004~06년 북한 의 대일 수출은 일본의 대북제재로 연간 0.8억~1.2억 달러의 피해를 입은 것으로 나타난다(당사국 효과). 이는 2003년 북한의 대일 수출액의 60%에 해당한다. 그런데 같은 기간 동안 북한은 일본의 제재에 맞서 다른 나라로의 수출선 전환을 추진하였고, 그 결과 연간 0.8~0.9억 달러에 달하는 여타 국가로의 수출증대 효과를 보았다(제3국 효과). 여섯째, 이러한 북한 거래선 이전의 6070%는 한국(남북교역)에 의해 가능해진 것으로 나타난다. 반면, 중국으로의 거래선 이전은 미미하거나 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타난다. 일곱째, 북한의 수입에 관해서는 이처럼 계수적으로 제재의 효 과를 추정하는 일이 불가능하다. 그러나 비록 결함이 있지만 현존하는 북한무역통계는 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출보다는 수입에 더 큰 영향을 미친다고 말한다. 따라서 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출에 있어 별다른 영향을 미치지 못한다고 해서, 곧바로 제재의 효력 자체가 없다고 단정하는 것은 현명 하지 못하다. English Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of Japan’s economic sanction on DPRK trade in the 2000s. It conceptualizes the effects of sanction on DPRK trade, econometrically tests whether such effects exist in case of Japan’s sanction using currently available DPRK trade statistics, and measures the size of the effects by correcting and reconfiguring the deficiencies of the currently available DPRK trade statistics. The main findings of the paper are as follows. First, Japan’s sanction can have two different effects on DPRK trade: ‘Sanction Country Effect’ and “Third Country Effect.’ The former means that the sanction diminishes DPRK trade with Japan while the latter refers to the effects on DPRK trade with other countries as well. The third country effect can arise not simply because the DPRK changes its trade routes to circumvent the sanction, but because the sanction forces the DPRK to readjust its major trade items and patterns. Second, currently no official DPRK trade statistics are available. Thus, the so-called mirror data referring to DPRK trading partners’ statistics should be employed for the analysis of the sanction effects. However, all currently available mirror data suffer from three fundamental problems: 1) they may omit the real trade partners of the DPRK; 2) they may confuse ROK trade with DPRK trade; 3) they cannot distinguish non-commercial trade from commercial trade, whereas only the latter concerns Japan’s sanction. Considering those problems, we have to adopt the following method in order to reach a reasonable conclusion about the sanction effect. That is, we should repeat the same analysis using all different mirror data currently available, which include KOTRA, IMF and UN Commodity Trade Statistics, and then discuss only the common results from them. Third, currently available mirror data make the following points. 1) DPRK trade is well explained by the gravity model. 2) Japan’s sanction has not only the sanction country effect but also the third country effect on DPRK trade. 3) The third country effect occurs differently on DPRK export and import. In case of export, the mirror statistics reveal positive ( ) third country effects on all of the major trade partners of the DPRK, including South Korea, China and Thailand. However, on DPRK import, such third country effects are not statistically significant even for South Korea and China. 4) This suggests that Japan’s sanction has greater effects on DPRK import rather than its export. Fourth, as far as DPRK export is concerned, it is possible to resolve the above mentioned fundamental problems of mirror data and thus reconstruct more accurate statistics on DPRK trade. Those reconstructed statistics lead us to following conclusions. 1) Japan’s economic sanction diminished DPRK’s export to Japan from 2004 to 2006 by 103 Million dollars on annual average (Sanction Country Effect). It comprises around 60 percent of DPRK’s export to Japan in 2003. 2) However, for the same period, the DPRK diverted its exports to other countries to cope up with Japan’s sanction, and as a result its export to other countries increased by 85 million dollars on annual average (Third Country Effect). 3) This means that more than 80 per cent of the sanction country effect was made up for by the third country effect. And the actual size of impact that Japan’s sanction made on DPRK export in total was merely 30 million dollars on annual average. 4) The third country effect occurred mostly in inter-Korean trade. In fact, Japan’s sanction increased DPRK export to the ROK by 72 million dollars on annual average. In contrast, there was no statistically significant increase in DPRK export to China caused by Japan’s sanction. 5) It means that the DPRK confronted Japan’s sanction and mitigated its impact primarily by using inter-Korean trade and thus the ROK. Fifth, two things should be noted concerning the fourth results above. 1) The results capture the third country effect caused only by trade transfer. Facing Japan’s sanction, the DPRK could transfer its existing trade with Japan to other countries. Also it could change its main export items and increase the export of those new items to other countries as mentioned in the first result. However, the fourth results above reflect only the former, not the latter. 2) Although Japan’s sanction did not make a huge impact on DPRK export, it might not be necessarily true for DPRK import. Indeed the currently available mirror statistics suggest that Japan’s sanction has greater effects on DPRK import. Hence it would not be wise to argue that Japan’s sanction did not have much impact on DPRK trade in general, simply using the fourth result above.","PeriodicalId":345921,"journal":{"name":"KDI: Journal of Economic Policy (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"KDI: Journal of Economic Policy (Topic)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.23895/KDIJEP.2010.32.2.93","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Abstract
Korean Abstract: 이 글은 2000년대 일본의 대북제재가 북한의 대외거래에 미친 효과를 측정한다. 이를 위해 우리는 대북제재의 경제적 효과를 개념화하는 것으로부터 시작하여, 현존하는 북한무역통계를 토대로 일본 대북제재의 효과가 존재하는지 유무를 검증하고, 마지막으로는 현존하는 통계를 합리적으로 재구성함으로써 일본의 제재 효과를 계량적으로 측정한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 우리가 도달한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국제사회의 경제제재는 북한의 무역에 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과라는 두 가지의 영향을 미친다. 전자는 제재 당사국 과 북한의 무역이 줄어드는 것을 의미하며, 후자는 이에 따라 북한과 여타 국가 사이의 무역도 영향을 받는 것을 말한다. 둘째, 이러한 제재의 효과를 분석하기 위해서는 북한무역에 대한 정밀한 통계자료의 입수가 필수적이지만, 현존하는 북한의 무역통계는 모두 특정 국가와 북한의 거래를 잘못 보고하거나, 또는 북한의 실제 거래 국가를 누락하는 등 일정한 결함을 내포하고 있다. 셋째, 이러한 통계의 결함을 감안한 상태에서 이를 우회하는 방식으로 분석을 진행해 보면, 일본의 대북제재는 뚜렷한 당사국 효과와 제3국 효과를 동시에 갖는 것으로 나타난다. 일본의 제재로 북일무역은 줄어들지만, 북한은 이를 여타 국가와의 거래확대로 중화시킨다는 뜻이다. 다만, 이러한 제3국 효과는 북한의 수출과 수입에 있어 다르게 나타난다. 수출의 경우에는 한국과 중국, 태국 등 북한의 주요 거래상대국들에서 모두 정( )의 제3국 효과가 존재하지만, 북한의 수입에 있어서는 한국이나 심지어 중국에 있어서도 제3국 효과의 통계적 유의미성이 부정되는 것이다. 넷째, 일본의 제재 효과를 계수적으로 측정하기 위해서는 현존하는 북한무역통계를 보다 정밀하게 재구성해야만 하는데, 이러한 재구성은 북한의 수입에 있어서는 불가능하지만 수출에 있어서는 가능하다. 이렇게 재구성된 데이터를 토대로 추정하면, 2004~06년 북한 의 대일 수출은 일본의 대북제재로 연간 0.8억~1.2억 달러의 피해를 입은 것으로 나타난다(당사국 효과). 이는 2003년 북한의 대일 수출액의 60%에 해당한다. 그런데 같은 기간 동안 북한은 일본의 제재에 맞서 다른 나라로의 수출선 전환을 추진하였고, 그 결과 연간 0.8~0.9억 달러에 달하는 여타 국가로의 수출증대 효과를 보았다(제3국 효과). 여섯째, 이러한 북한 거래선 이전의 6070%는 한국(남북교역)에 의해 가능해진 것으로 나타난다. 반면, 중국으로의 거래선 이전은 미미하거나 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타난다. 일곱째, 북한의 수입에 관해서는 이처럼 계수적으로 제재의 효 과를 추정하는 일이 불가능하다. 그러나 비록 결함이 있지만 현존하는 북한무역통계는 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출보다는 수입에 더 큰 영향을 미친다고 말한다. 따라서 일본의 제재가 북한의 수출에 있어 별다른 영향을 미치지 못한다고 해서, 곧바로 제재의 효력 자체가 없다고 단정하는 것은 현명 하지 못하다. English Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of Japan’s economic sanction on DPRK trade in the 2000s. It conceptualizes the effects of sanction on DPRK trade, econometrically tests whether such effects exist in case of Japan’s sanction using currently available DPRK trade statistics, and measures the size of the effects by correcting and reconfiguring the deficiencies of the currently available DPRK trade statistics. The main findings of the paper are as follows. First, Japan’s sanction can have two different effects on DPRK trade: ‘Sanction Country Effect’ and “Third Country Effect.’ The former means that the sanction diminishes DPRK trade with Japan while the latter refers to the effects on DPRK trade with other countries as well. The third country effect can arise not simply because the DPRK changes its trade routes to circumvent the sanction, but because the sanction forces the DPRK to readjust its major trade items and patterns. Second, currently no official DPRK trade statistics are available. Thus, the so-called mirror data referring to DPRK trading partners’ statistics should be employed for the analysis of the sanction effects. However, all currently available mirror data suffer from three fundamental problems: 1) they may omit the real trade partners of the DPRK; 2) they may confuse ROK trade with DPRK trade; 3) they cannot distinguish non-commercial trade from commercial trade, whereas only the latter concerns Japan’s sanction. Considering those problems, we have to adopt the following method in order to reach a reasonable conclusion about the sanction effect. That is, we should repeat the same analysis using all different mirror data currently available, which include KOTRA, IMF and UN Commodity Trade Statistics, and then discuss only the common results from them. Third, currently available mirror data make the following points. 1) DPRK trade is well explained by the gravity model. 2) Japan’s sanction has not only the sanction country effect but also the third country effect on DPRK trade. 3) The third country effect occurs differently on DPRK export and import. In case of export, the mirror statistics reveal positive ( ) third country effects on all of the major trade partners of the DPRK, including South Korea, China and Thailand. However, on DPRK import, such third country effects are not statistically significant even for South Korea and China. 4) This suggests that Japan’s sanction has greater effects on DPRK import rather than its export. Fourth, as far as DPRK export is concerned, it is possible to resolve the above mentioned fundamental problems of mirror data and thus reconstruct more accurate statistics on DPRK trade. Those reconstructed statistics lead us to following conclusions. 1) Japan’s economic sanction diminished DPRK’s export to Japan from 2004 to 2006 by 103 Million dollars on annual average (Sanction Country Effect). It comprises around 60 percent of DPRK’s export to Japan in 2003. 2) However, for the same period, the DPRK diverted its exports to other countries to cope up with Japan’s sanction, and as a result its export to other countries increased by 85 million dollars on annual average (Third Country Effect). 3) This means that more than 80 per cent of the sanction country effect was made up for by the third country effect. And the actual size of impact that Japan’s sanction made on DPRK export in total was merely 30 million dollars on annual average. 4) The third country effect occurred mostly in inter-Korean trade. In fact, Japan’s sanction increased DPRK export to the ROK by 72 million dollars on annual average. In contrast, there was no statistically significant increase in DPRK export to China caused by Japan’s sanction. 5) It means that the DPRK confronted Japan’s sanction and mitigated its impact primarily by using inter-Korean trade and thus the ROK. Fifth, two things should be noted concerning the fourth results above. 1) The results capture the third country effect caused only by trade transfer. Facing Japan’s sanction, the DPRK could transfer its existing trade with Japan to other countries. Also it could change its main export items and increase the export of those new items to other countries as mentioned in the first result. However, the fourth results above reflect only the former, not the latter. 2) Although Japan’s sanction did not make a huge impact on DPRK export, it might not be necessarily true for DPRK import. Indeed the currently available mirror statistics suggest that Japan’s sanction has greater effects on DPRK import. Hence it would not be wise to argue that Japan’s sanction did not have much impact on DPRK trade in general, simply using the fourth result above.
对北经济制裁和北韩贸易- 21世纪日本对北制裁的影响力推测。(Economic Sanction and DPRK Trade - Estimating the Impact of Japan's Sanction in the 2000s)
Korean Abstract:这篇文章测定了21世纪日本的对北制裁对北韩对外交易产生的效果。为此,我们将对北制裁的经济效果概念化的开始,从现存的朝鲜贸易统计为基础,日本对北制裁的效果是否存在有无检验,最后是现存的统计,合理重新姓名,使日本的制裁效果计量测量的。通过这样的过程,我们得出的结论可以概括如下。第一,国际社会的经济制裁对北韩的贸易产生当事国效果和第三国效果两种影响。前者是指制裁当事国和北韩之间的贸易减少,后者是指北韩和其他国家之间的贸易也因此受到影响。第二,这种制裁的效果进行了分析,为了对北韩贸易精密的统计资料的掌握必需,但现存的贸易统计都是特定国家和北朝鲜交易错误报告或者,或者遗漏等北韩的实际交易国家包含着一定的缺陷。第三,在考虑到统计缺陷的情况下,通过迂回的方式进行分析,可以看出日本的对北制裁同时具有明显的当事国效果和第三国效果。也就是说,虽然因日本的制裁,北日贸易有所减少,但北韩将此中和为扩大同其他国家之间的交易。但是,这种“第三国效果”在北韩的出口和进口方面表现得不同。在出口方面,韩国、中国、泰国等北韩的主要交易对象国都存在“正的第三国效果”,但在北韩的进口方面,韩国乃至中国都否定了“第三国效果”的统计意义。第四,要想通过系数来测定日本的制裁效果,必须对现有的北韩贸易统计进行更加精密的重组,这种重组对北韩的进口来说是不可能的,但对出口来说是可能的。根据这样重组的数据推测,2004年至06年,北韩对日出口因日本的对北制裁每年蒙受0.8亿至1.2亿美元的损失(当事国效果)。这相当于2003年北韩对日出口额的60%。但同期内,北韩为应对日本的制裁,推进向其他国家转换出口线,其结果取得了每年向其他国家增加0.8至0.9亿美元出口的效果(第三国效果)。第六,北韩交易线转移的60 ~ 70%是通过韩国(南北交易)实现的。与此相反,向中国转移交易线的情况微乎其微或没有意义。第七,就北韩的进口问题,不可能通过这种系数来推测制裁的效果。但是,虽然存在缺陷,但现有的北韩贸易统计显示,比起北韩的出口,日本的制裁对进口产生的影响更大。因此,即使日本的制裁对北韩的出口没有产生太大影响,就断定制裁本身就没有效力,这是不明智的。English Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of Japan ' s economic sanction on DPRK trade in the 2000s。econometrically tests whether such effects in case of Japan ' s sanction using currently available DPRK trade;and measures of the effects by correcting and reconfiguring the deficiencies of the currently available DPRK trade statistics。main findings of The paper are as follows。First, Japan ' s sanction can have two different effects on DPRK trade: sanction Country Effect and Third Country Effect。The former means that The sanction diminishes DPRK trade with Japan while The latter refers to The effects on DPRK trade with other countries as well。The third country effect can arise not simply because The DPRK changes its trade routes to circumvent The sanction;but because the sanction forces the DPRK to readjust its major trade items and patterns。currently no official DPRK trade statistics are available。the so-called mirror data referring to DPRK trading partners ' statistics should be employed for the analysis of the sanction effects。However, all currently available mirror data suffer from three fundamental problems: 1) they may omit the real trade partners of the DPRK;2) they may confuse ROK trade with DPRK trade;3) they cannot distinguish non-commercial trade from commercial trade, whereas only the latter concerns Japan ' s sanction。Considering those problems, we have to adopt the following method in order to reach a reasonable conclusion about the sanction effect。That is, we should repeat the same analysis using all different mirror data currently available, which include KOTRA, IMF与联合国Commodity Trade Statisticsand then discuss only the common results from themThird, currently available mirror data make the following points。1) DPRK trade is well explained by the gravity model。Japan ' s sanction has not only the sanction country effect but also the third country effect on DPRK trade。3) The third country effect occurs differently on DPRK export and import。the mirror statistics reveal positive () third country effects on all of the major trade partners of the DPRK, including South Korea, China and Thailand。however, on dprk import,such third country effects are not statistically significant even for South Korea and China. 4) This suggests that Japan ' s sanction has greater effects on DPRK import rather than its export。Fourth, as far as DPRK export is concerned, it is possible to resolve the above mentioned fundamental problems of mirror data and thus reconstruct more accurate statistics on DPRK trade。Those reconstructed statistics lead us to following conclusions。1) Japan ' s economic sanction diminished DPRK ' s export to Japan from 2004 to 2006 by 103 Million dollars on annual average (sanction Country Effect)。It comprises around 60 percent of DPRK ' s export to Japan in 2003。2) However, for the same period, the DPRK diverted its exports to other countries to cope up with Japan ' s sanction;and as a result its export to other countries increased by 85 million dollars on annual average (Third Country Effect)。3) This means that more than 80 per cent of the sanction country effect was made up for by the third country effect。And the actual size of impact that Japan ' s sanction made on DPRK export in total was merely 30 million dollars on annual average。4) The third country effect occurred mostly in inter-Korean trade。 事实上,日本的制裁使朝鲜对韩国的出口平均每年增加7200万美元。相比之下,日本的制裁并没有造成朝鲜对中国出口的显著增加。5)这意味着朝鲜对抗日本的制裁,并主要通过利用朝韩贸易,从而利用韩国来减轻其影响。第五,关于上述第四个结果,有两点值得注意。(1)所得结果捕捉到了仅由贸易转移引起的第三国效应。面对日本的制裁,朝鲜可以将现有的与日本的贸易转移到其他国家。也可以改变其主要出口项目,如第一个结果所述,增加这些新项目对其他国家的出口。然而,上述第四个结果只反映了前者,而不是后者。2)日本的制裁虽然对朝鲜的出口没有产生很大的影响,但对朝鲜的进口却未必如此。事实上,目前可获得的镜像统计数据表明,日本的制裁对朝鲜进口的影响更大。因此,仅凭上述第四个结果就认为日本的制裁对朝鲜贸易总体上没有太大影响是不明智的。