Biopolitics of Camp: The Body in Eugenia Ginzburg’s and Varlam Shalamov’s Gulag Testimonies

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Abstract

The objective of this study is to present intersections between biopolitics that intends to benefit from biological potential and capabilities of the individual in favor of the state by keeping population under surveillance and politics of death (thanatopolitics) in Soviet corrective labor camps. It discusses the process from constructing persona-grata to destructing persona-non-grata as “enemies of the people” through contemporary Italian philosopher Georgio Agamben’s conceptualisations “bare life” and “state of exception”; and contemporary French historian Annette Becker’s “animalization” and “reification”. The relevant concepts are evaluated within the testimonies of Gulag survivors -Yevgeniya Ginzburg's “Journey into the Whirlwind” and Varlam Shalamov's “Kolyma Stories”. It has been concluded that the phenomenon of camp was not left behind as an anomaly of the past; it has correspondence in theory and practice as the matris and the nomos of current political life as Agamben prescribed. Keywords: Zoē and bios, politics of the body, inhuman condition (conditio inhumana), Ginzburg, Shalamov
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集中营的生命政治:尤金尼亚·金兹伯格和瓦拉姆·沙拉莫夫的《古拉格证词》中的身体
本研究的目的是呈现生物政治(通过对人口进行监视而有利于国家的个人的生物潜能和能力)与苏联劳改营中的死亡政治(死亡政治)之间的交集。通过当代意大利哲学家乔治·阿甘本的概念化“赤裸的生命”和“例外状态”,探讨了从构建受欢迎的人到破坏作为“人民公敌”的不受欢迎的人的过程;以及当代法国历史学家安妮特·贝克尔的“动物化”和“物化”。相关概念在古拉格幸存者的证词中得到了评估——叶夫根尼娅·金兹堡的《旋风之旅》和瓦拉姆·沙拉莫夫的《科雷马故事》。得出的结论是,营地现象并不是作为过去的反常现象而被遗留下来的;它作为矩阵在理论和实践上与阿甘本所规定的当前政治生活的规律相对应。关键词:生命体、身体政治、非人状态、金兹堡、沙拉莫夫
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