Importance of Cynipidae Family (Hymenoptera) ornamental and food plants

Abstract

Reproduction of gall wasps is partially by sexual reproduction and partially by parthenogenesis, where the male is completely unnecessary. As in many species, however, there is an alternation of generations with one to two sexual generations and one parthenogenetic generation annually. This process differentiates the various generations in their appearance and in the way they induce the galls. The larvae of many species develop gallant characteristics; and there are also many species that are tenants or parasites of other gall wasps, such as those of the genus Synergus. This mini review aims to verify the importance of Cynipidae Family ornamental and food plants. To this end, a bibliographic survey of Cynipidae was carried out in the years 1937 to 2021. Only complete articles published in scientific journals and expanded abstracts presented at national and international scientific events. Data were also obtained from platforms such as: Academia.edu, Frontiers, Qeios, Biological Abstract, Publons, Dialnet, World, Wide Science, Springer, RefSeek, Microsoft Academic and Science.