Conclusion

Abstract

This chapter mentions the Third Republican lawmakers, politicians, bureaucrats, employers, and social workers who summoned reproductive citizenship into being against the backdrop of severe depopulation and an imagined “crise de familles.” It reviews the routine application of social policies, states and social actors that worked in both official and unofficial spheres toward the goal of repopulating France with immigrant families. It also describes France's working-class urban neighborhoods, in which the gendered rhythms of neighborhood life reinforced the making and remaking of mixed and foreign-born families. The chapter points out how a female culture of mutual aid flourished in the social world of the apartment building and provided material support to French and immigrant wives and mothers. It identifies that immigrant women adopted French patterns of marriage, employment, fertility, and child-rearing.