Effects of Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) essential oils on the honey bees, Apis mellifera (Apidae: Hymenoptera), foraging

Izabella Moreira da Cruz Pinheiro, João Henrique S. Luz, Luis Flávio N. Souza, A. Oliveira, E. E. Oliveira, R. S. Aguiar, G. R. Santos, T. P. Ferreira, M. C. A. Silveira-Tschoeke, Paulo Henrique Tschoeke
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Abstract

The use of plant essential oils has been adopted as less hazardous to the environment and human health than synthetic insecticides used for the control of insects that transmit diseases. Despite of exerting insecticidal activities against several insect disease vectors, the potential impacts on non-target organisms exerted by essential oils extracted from Lippia sidoides (Cham.) have not received adequate attention. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility and potential changes in consumption rates of honey bees, Apis mellifera (L.), when exposed to essential oils extracted from L. sidoides. Was exposed forager bees to honey syrup (50% v/v) containing L. sidoides essential oil for 5 h. After this exposure period, the bees received regular honey syrup for another 19 h period. Six essential oil concentrations was used, namely 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 µL of essential oil/mL of syrup, and evaluated the syrup consumption and bees mortality in both periods (at the 5th and 24th h). The results reveal that independent of the essential oil concentration, the forager bees fed significantly less on L. sidoides essential oil-containing honey syrup. However, feeding on L. sidoides essential oil-containing honey syrup did not cause significant mortality when compared with bees that were not exposed to the essential oils. Thus, the results demonstrate that L. sidoides essential oils exhibited adequate selectivity against honey bees.
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利皮甙对中药的影响。(马鞭草科)精油对蜜蜂,蜜蜂蜜蜂(蜜蜂科:膜翅目),觅食
使用植物精油被认为对环境和人类健康的危害小于用于控制传播疾病的昆虫的合成杀虫剂。尽管对几种病媒昆虫具有杀虫活性,但对非目标生物的潜在影响尚未得到足够的重视。在此,我们评估了蜜蜂(Apis mellifera, L.)在暴露于L. sidoides提取的精油时的敏感性和消费率的潜在变化。将采蜜蜜蜂暴露在含有L. sideides精油的蜂蜜糖浆(50% v/v)中5小时。暴露期后,蜜蜂再接受普通蜂蜜糖浆19小时。采用1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0和3.5µL精油/mL糖浆6种浓度,分别对第5和24 h的蜜糖浆消耗量和蜜蜂死亡率进行了评价。结果表明,与精油浓度无关,采蜜蜜蜂对乳草甘油酯精油糖浆的摄取量显著减少。然而,与不接触精油的蜜蜂相比,喂食含有L. sidides精油的蜂蜜糖浆并没有造成显著的死亡率。因此,结果表明,L. sidides精油对蜜蜂具有足够的选择性。
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