{"title":"R. v. Comeau and Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867: Freeing the Beer and Fortifying the Economic Union","authors":"Malcolm Lavoie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2804711","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"A recent decision from the New Brunswick Provincial Court may have significant implications for Canada’s constitutional structure. R. v. Comeau held that s. 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867, the constitution’s internal free trade provision, prohibits both interprovincial tariffs as well as non-tariff trade barriers. In doing so, the court departed from a line of precedents holding that s. 121 prohibits only the erection of outright tariffs or duties on interprovincial trade. Ultimately, the court held that s. 134(b) of New Brunswick’s Liquor Control Act, which effectively prohibits the possession of all but small quantities of liquor purchased out of province, constituted a non-tariff barrier in contravention of s. 121. The Supreme Court of Canada recently granted leave to appeal. The author argues that the judge was correct in holding that s. 121 should extend at least to some non-tariff barriers. Yet the decision leaves important questions unanswered, including how s. 121 can be reconciled with provincial regulatory authority, how a construction of s. 121 should be informed by the constitutional principles of democracy and federalism, and how doctrine can be developed so as to appropriately distinguish between permissible and impermissible non-tariff barriers. The author proposes a framework that aims to reconcile the trial judge’s analysis with these additional considerations. Une decision recente de la Cour provinciale du Nouveau-Brunswick pourrait avoir d’importantes consequences pour la structure constitutionnelle du Canada. Dans R. c. Comeau, le tribunal a declare que l’art. 121 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, disposition de la Constitution traitant du libre-echange interieur, interdit tant l’imposition de droits tarifaires interprovinciaux que les barrieres non tarifaires au commerce. Ce faisant, le tribunal s’est eloigne de la jurisprudence qui soutient que l’art. 121 interdit uniquement l’imposition de tarifs ou droits tarifaires sur le commerce interprovincial. En fin de compte, le tribunal a juge que le par. 134(b) de la Loi sur la reglementation des alcools du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui interdit carrement la possession d’alcool achete ailleurs que dans la province, sauf de tres petites quantites, constitue une barriere non tarifaire, en contravention de l’art. 121. La Cour supreme du Canada a recemment accorde la permission d’en appeler de la decision. L’auteur fait valoir que le juge a eu raison de considerer que l’art. 121 doit s’appliquer au moins a certains obstacles non tarifaires. La decision laisse neanmoins d’importantes questions en suspens : comment l’art. 121 peut-il etre rapproche de l’organisme de reglementation provincial, comment une interpretation de l’art. 121 devrait-elle s’inspirer des principes constitutionnels de democratie et de federalisme, et comment la doctrine peutelle etre developpee de facon a ce que la distinction appropriee puisse etre faite entre les obstacles non tarifaires admissibles et les obstacles inadmissibles. L’auteur propose un cadre qui vise a concilier l’analyse du juge de premiere instance et ces considerations additionnelles.","PeriodicalId":221919,"journal":{"name":"ERN: National","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2016-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ERN: National","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2804711","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A recent decision from the New Brunswick Provincial Court may have significant implications for Canada’s constitutional structure. R. v. Comeau held that s. 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867, the constitution’s internal free trade provision, prohibits both interprovincial tariffs as well as non-tariff trade barriers. In doing so, the court departed from a line of precedents holding that s. 121 prohibits only the erection of outright tariffs or duties on interprovincial trade. Ultimately, the court held that s. 134(b) of New Brunswick’s Liquor Control Act, which effectively prohibits the possession of all but small quantities of liquor purchased out of province, constituted a non-tariff barrier in contravention of s. 121. The Supreme Court of Canada recently granted leave to appeal. The author argues that the judge was correct in holding that s. 121 should extend at least to some non-tariff barriers. Yet the decision leaves important questions unanswered, including how s. 121 can be reconciled with provincial regulatory authority, how a construction of s. 121 should be informed by the constitutional principles of democracy and federalism, and how doctrine can be developed so as to appropriately distinguish between permissible and impermissible non-tariff barriers. The author proposes a framework that aims to reconcile the trial judge’s analysis with these additional considerations. Une decision recente de la Cour provinciale du Nouveau-Brunswick pourrait avoir d’importantes consequences pour la structure constitutionnelle du Canada. Dans R. c. Comeau, le tribunal a declare que l’art. 121 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867, disposition de la Constitution traitant du libre-echange interieur, interdit tant l’imposition de droits tarifaires interprovinciaux que les barrieres non tarifaires au commerce. Ce faisant, le tribunal s’est eloigne de la jurisprudence qui soutient que l’art. 121 interdit uniquement l’imposition de tarifs ou droits tarifaires sur le commerce interprovincial. En fin de compte, le tribunal a juge que le par. 134(b) de la Loi sur la reglementation des alcools du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui interdit carrement la possession d’alcool achete ailleurs que dans la province, sauf de tres petites quantites, constitue une barriere non tarifaire, en contravention de l’art. 121. La Cour supreme du Canada a recemment accorde la permission d’en appeler de la decision. L’auteur fait valoir que le juge a eu raison de considerer que l’art. 121 doit s’appliquer au moins a certains obstacles non tarifaires. La decision laisse neanmoins d’importantes questions en suspens : comment l’art. 121 peut-il etre rapproche de l’organisme de reglementation provincial, comment une interpretation de l’art. 121 devrait-elle s’inspirer des principes constitutionnels de democratie et de federalisme, et comment la doctrine peutelle etre developpee de facon a ce que la distinction appropriee puisse etre faite entre les obstacles non tarifaires admissibles et les obstacles inadmissibles. L’auteur propose un cadre qui vise a concilier l’analyse du juge de premiere instance et ces considerations additionnelles.